Chemistry

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Group 0 - Noble Gasses
very stable, exist as single atoms (monatomic), inert (unreactive), boiling points increase going down
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Group 1 - Alkali Metals (properties)
very reactive - lose 1 electron & stored in oil, reactivity increases going down, low density - float on water, very soft (can cut with a knife - silvery and shiny when you first cut them, quickly goes dull), low melting and boiling points for metals
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Group 1 - Alkali Metals (reactions - water)
Water: floats, moves and fizzes, produces hydrogen gas (ignites with potassium - lilac flame), produces metal hydroxide alkali solution, water soluble
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Group 1 - Alkali Metals (reactions)
vigorously with non-metals, produce metal chlorides (white solids that dissolve in water), more vigorous going down group - easier to lose electron
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Group 7 - Halogens (properties)
toxic non-metals, produce coloured vapours, low melting and boiling points (increasing down group), diatomic molecules - covalent bonds
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Group 7 - Halogens (reactions)
gain one electron by sharing a pair of electrons (e.g. hydrogen), less reactive going down group, react with metals to gain electron, A MORE REACTIVE HALOGEN WILL DISPLACE A LESS REACTIVE ONE
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Transition Elements (properties)
good conductors, hard and strong, high densities, high melting points, less reactive than Group 1, corrode very slowly (if at all) - good structural materials, can form multiple ions
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Transition Elements (compounds)
copper (II) sulfate - blue, nickel (II) carbonate - pale green, chromium (III) oxide - dark green, magnese (II) chloride - pale pink. Transition elements and compounds - good catalysts
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Covalent Bonding
SHARING ELECTRONS (pairs of electrons), usually between non-metals, very strong, low melting and boiling points (weak intermollecular forces), insoluble in water, hard and don't conduct
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Ionic Bonding
TRANSFERRING ELECTRONS (electrostatic forces of attraction), usually between metals and non-metals, Compounds produced: very strong, high melting and boiling points, conduct when liquid
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Polymer
a long chain of small reactive molecules bonded together - e.g. poly(ethene) mad of lots of small ethene molecules
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Covalent Bonding (graphite)
no covalent bonds between layers (only weak intermollecular forces) so layers can slide over one another - soft ans slippy, delocalised electrons mean it can carry charge when other covalent structures cannot
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Fullerenes
HOLLOW SHAPED MOLECULES OF CARBON - high tensile strength and high electrical and thermal conductivity
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Graphene
SINGLE SHEET OF CARBON - conducts electrical and thermal energy, low density, very strong for its mass
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Metallic Bonding
METAL - LATTICE OF POSITIVELY CHARGED IONS, ARRANGED IN REGULAR LAYERS, outer electrons can move throughout structure - strong electrostatic attraction between negatively charged delocalised electrons and positively charged ions
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Metallic Bonding (giant metallic structures)
ALLOY - MIXTURE OF TWO ELEMENTS (at least one is a metal), good conductors, high melting points, MALLEABLE - can be hammered into shape without cracking, DUCTILE - can be drawn out into wires
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Titration
a technique to measure the exact volume of an acid needed to neutralize an alkali
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End Point
the point at which the acid and alkali have reacted completely
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Alkali
soluble hydroxide, release hydroxide ions (OH-)
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Base
include alkalis, substances that can neutralize acids
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Acid
substances that can neutralize alkalis and bases, release H+ ions
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Exothermic Reactions
transfer energy to the surroundings
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Endothermic Reactions
take in energy from the surroundings
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Bond Energy
the energy needed to break the bond between two atoms
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Filtration
used when your product is an insoluble solid that needs to be separated from a mixture
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Evaporation
separate a soluble salt from a solution
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Crystallisation
used to obtain a salt (can be used even if the salt decomposes - when you cant use evaporation
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Simple Distillation
used to separate liquids with very different boiling points
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Fractional Distillation
use to separate miscible liquids
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Thermal Decomposition
used for elements BELOW COPPER in the reactivity series, heat compound - it decomposes to form the metal
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Displacement using Carbon
used for elements BELOW CARBON in the reactivity series, heat the compound with carbon - the carbon displaces the less reactive metal
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Electrolysis
used for elements ABOVE CARBON in the reactivity series, pass an electrical current through the molten compound
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

very reactive - lose 1 electron & stored in oil, reactivity increases going down, low density - float on water, very soft (can cut with a knife - silvery and shiny when you first cut them, quickly goes dull), low melting and boiling points for metals

Back

Group 1 - Alkali Metals (properties)

Card 3

Front

Water: floats, moves and fizzes, produces hydrogen gas (ignites with potassium - lilac flame), produces metal hydroxide alkali solution, water soluble

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

vigorously with non-metals, produce metal chlorides (white solids that dissolve in water), more vigorous going down group - easier to lose electron

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

toxic non-metals, produce coloured vapours, low melting and boiling points (increasing down group), diatomic molecules - covalent bonds

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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