Chemistry

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What can fullerenes be used for?
Drug delivery, lubricants, catalysts, tennis rackets, and semi-conductors in electrical circuits
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What are fullerenes?
Forms of carbon. Made of balls, cages or tubes of carbon atoms.
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What is buckminsterfullerene?
60 hollow carbon atoms in a hollow sphere.
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What are nanotubes mainly used for and why?
To reinforce graphite because they are very strong.
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How are nanotubes structured?
Hollow like straw structures of carbon atoms.
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Do ionic structures have high or low melting/boiling points and why?
They have high melting/boiling points. Ionic bonds are strong so a lot of energy is needed to break them.
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Are ionic liquid structures conductive and why?
They are conductive because ions can only conduct when free to move (liquidised).
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What is the structure of diamond?
Diamond is a form of carbon. Each carbon atom is covalently bonded to 4 others.
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What are the properties of diamond?
High melting point, no electricity, hard.
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Why are metal alloys harder than pure metals?
Alloys contain differently sized atoms, distorting the regular atomic arrangement. This makes it harder for the layers to slide over eachother, so alloys are harder.
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Do polymers have a high or low melting point, and why?
Polymers have very high melting points, because a lot of strong covalent bonds must be broken.
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Do polymers conduct electricity?
Polymers have variable conductivity. Some do, some don't.
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What is the difference between the Plum Pudding Model and the Modern/Nuclear Model?
The Plum Pudding Model is a blob with positive and negative charge floating in it. The Modern/Nuclear Model has a nucleus containing protons and neutrons and electrons whizzing around in shells.
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What is a mixture?
When more than one element is mixed together, but are not chemically joined.
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How is simple distillation completed?
By heating the mixture to evaporate the water molecules, then by cooling it so the condensation can be collected.
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What is simple distillation used for?
To separate a mixture of a solid dissolved in water.
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What did John Newlands (1863) do and what did he discover?
He put all elements in order of increasing atomic weight. He discovered that every 8th element the properties repeated - but some elements didn't match their group.
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What did Dimitri Mendeleev (1869) do and what did he predict?
He put all elements in a table arranged mainly by increasing atomic weight. He left gaps in the table representing undiscovered elements. He predicted the properties of unknown elements by looking at existing patterns.
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Which groups on the periodic table are metals?
Groups 1-3
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Between which two groups are the transition metals?
Between groups 2 and 3.
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What is the maximum number of electrons in the first shell?
2
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What is the maximum number of electrons in all shells but the first?
8
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How is fractional distillation completed?
The mixture is heated, causing all liquids to evaporate. The liquid with the higher boiling point condenses on the glass beads in the column. It then drips into the flask.
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What is fractional distillation used for?
To separate a mixture of two or more liquids.
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What is an element?
A substance made of one type of atom.
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What is a compound?
A substance made of more than one type of atom.
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What are the 3 main types of chemical bond?
Ionic bonds, covalent bonds, metallic bonds.
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What do (s), (l), (g), and (aq) mean?
Solid, liquid, gas and aqueous solution.
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What number does the charge of an ion relate to?
The group number.
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How do you work out the ionic charge of a metal?
The charge is equal to the group number.
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How do you work out the ionic charge of a non-metal?
The charge is equal to the group number, minus 8.
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What is the disadvantage of using the ionic dot and cross diagram?
It gives the impression that the structure is pairs of atoms rather than millions.
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What is the disadvantage of using the ionic ball and stick diagram?
It seems like there are covalent bonds between ions.
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What is the disadvantage of using the 3D ionic diagram?
It gives the impression that it doesn't go on forever.
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What is the disadvantage of using the 2D ionic diagram?
It only shows 2D.
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What should the ionic charge be like in a ionic formula?
The ions should have the same total number of + and - charges.
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What is the process called which changes gas to liquid?
Condensation.
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What is the process called which changes liquid to solid?
Freezing.
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What is the process called which changes solid to liquid?
Melting.
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What is the process called which changes liquid to gas?
Evaporation.
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What is the structure of small molecules?
Small molecules contain only a few strong covalently bonded atoms.
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What are the properties of small molecules?
Low melting/boiling points, non-conductive.
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what is the structure of a large molecule?
Large molecules contains many non-metal atoms joined by covalent bonds, in giant lattices.
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What are the properties of large molecules?
High melting points, variable conductivity.
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What are the atoms like in a solid?
Close together, regular pattern, vibrating.
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What are the atoms like in a liquid?
Close together, random arrangement, move around eachother.
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What are the atoms like in a gas?
Far apart, random arrangement, move quickly in all directions.
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What is the name for group 1?
The alkali metals.
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Name all the alkali metals.
Lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, caesium, francium. (LITTLE SILLY PIGS RUN CARELESSLY FREE)
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How many electrons do alkali metals have in the outer shell?
1.
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How reactive are alkali metals and how do they react with water?
Alkali metals are very reactive. When reacted with water they whizz and pop, getting more extreme as you go down the table.
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Card 2

Front

What are fullerenes?

Back

Forms of carbon. Made of balls, cages or tubes of carbon atoms.

Card 3

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What is buckminsterfullerene?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What are nanotubes mainly used for and why?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

How are nanotubes structured?

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