Chem Unit 2

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Hydrocarbons
Organic compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen only.
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Saturated Hydrocarbon
A hydrocarbon with single bonds only.
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Unsaturated Hydrocarbon
A hydrocarbon containing carbon-to-carbon multiple bonds.
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Aliphatic Hydrocarbon
A hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in straight or branched chains.
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Alicyclic Hydrocarbon
A hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in a ring structure.
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A Functional Group
The part of the organic molecule responsible for its chemical reactions.
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A Homologous Series
A series of organic compounds with the same functional groups but with each successive member differing by CH2.
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Alkanes
The homologous series with the general formula CnH2n+2
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Alkyl Group
An alkene with a hydrogen atom removed. e.g CH3
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Structural Isomers
Molecules with the same molecular formula but with different structural arrangements of atoms.
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Stereoisomers
Compounds with the same structural formula but with a different arrangement of the atoms in space.
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E/Z Isomerism
Type of stereoisomerism in which different groups attached to each carbon of a C=C double bond may be arranged differently in space because of the restricted rotation of the C=C bond.
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Cis-trans Isomerism
A special type of E/Z isomerism in which there is a non-hydrogen group and hydrogen on each C of a C=C double bond.
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Homolytic Fission
The breaking of a covalent bond, with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals.
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A Radical
A species with an unpaired electron.
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Heterolytic Fission
The breaking of a covalent bond, woth both of the bonded electrons going to one of the atoms, forming a cation and an anion.
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A Nucleophile
An atom that is attracted to an electron-deficient centre or atom, where it donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.
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An Electrophile
An atom that is attracted to an electron-rich centre or atom, where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.
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Addition Reaction
A reaction in which is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule.
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Substitution Reaction
A raection in which an atom or group of atoms is replaced with a different stom or group of atoms.
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Elimination Reaction
The removal of a molecule from a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule.
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Fractional Distillation
The separation of the components in a liquid mixture into fractions which differ in boiling point by means of distillation using a fractionating column.
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Cracking
The breaking down of long-chained saturated hydrocarbons to form a mixture of shorter-chained alkanes and alkenes.
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A Catalyst
A substance that increases the rate of chemical reaction by altering the reaction pathway and lowering the activation energy without being used up in the process.
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Radical Substitution
A type of substitution reaction in which a radical replaces a different atom or group of atoms.
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A Pi-bond
The reactive part of a double bond formed above and below the plane of the bonded atoms by sideways overlap of the p-orbitals.
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Electrophilic Addition
A type of addition reaction in which an electrophile is attracted to an electron rich centre or atom, where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.
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A Polymer
A long molecular chain built up from monomer units.
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A Monomer
A small molecule that combines with many other monomers to form a polymer.
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Addition Polymerisation
Unsaturated alkene molecules add on to a growing polymer chain one at a time, to form a very long saturated molecular chain.
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An Addition Polymer
A very long molecular chain, formed by repeated addition reactions of many unsaturated alkene molecules.
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Biodegradable Material
A material that is broken down naturally in the environment by living organisms.
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Dehydration
An elimination reaction in which water is removed from a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule.
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Nucleophilic Substitution
A type of substitution reaction in which a nucleophile is attracted to an electron-deficient centre or atom, where it donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.
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A Limiting Reagent
The substance in a chemical reaction that runs out first.
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Molecular Ion
The positive ion formed in mass spectrometry when a molecule loses an electron.
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Fragmentation
The process in mass spectrometry that causes a positive ion to split into pieces, one of which is a positive fragment ion.
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Enthalpy
The heat content that is stored in a chemical system.
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Exothermic
A reaction in which the enthalpy of the products is smaller than the enthalpy of the reactants resulting in heat loss to the surroundings.
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Endothermic
A reaction in which the enthalpy of the product is greater than the enthalpy of the reactants, resulting in heat being taken in from the surroundings.
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Activation Energy
The minimum energy required to start a reaction by the breaking of bonds.
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Standard State
The physical state of a substance under the standard conditions.
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The Standard Enthalpy Change of Reaction
The enthalpy change what accompanies a reaction in the molar quantities expressed in a chemical equation under standard conditions, all reactants and products being in their standard states.
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The Standard Enthalpy Change of Combustion
The enthalpy change that takes place when one mole of a substance reacts completely with oxygen under standard conditions, all reactants an products being in their standard states.
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The Standard Enthalpy Change of Formation
The enthalpy change that takes place when one mole of a compound is formed from its constituent elements in their standard states under standard conditions.
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Specific Heat Capacity
The energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1'c.
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[Average] Bond Enthalpy
The [average] enthalpy change that takes place when breaking by homolytic fission 1 mol of a given bond in the molecules of a gaseous species.
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Hess' Law
If a reaction can take place by more than one route and the initial and final conditions are the same, the total enthalpy change is the same for each route.
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Rate of Reaction
The change in concentration of a reactant or a product in a given time.
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Heterogeneous Catalysis
Catalysis of a reaction in which the catalyst has a different physical state from the reactants.
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Homogeneous Catalysis
Catalysis of a reaction in which the catalyst and reactants are in the same physical state.
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The Boltzmann Distribution
The distribution of energies of molecules at a particular temperature, often shown as a graph.
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Le Chatelier's Principle
When a system in dynamic equilibrium is subjected to a change, the position of equilibrium will shift to minimise the change.
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Dynamic Equilibrium
The equilibrium that exists in a closed system when the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction.
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The Greenhouse Effect
The process in which the absorption and subsequent emission of infrared radiation by atmospheric gases warms the lower atmosphere and the planets surface.
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Troposphere
The lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere.
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Stratosphere
The Second layer of the Earth's atmosphere, containing the ozone layer.
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Adsorption
The process that occurs when a gas, liquid or solute is held to the surface of a solid or a liquid,
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

A hydrocarbon with single bonds only.

Back

Saturated Hydrocarbon

Card 3

Front

A hydrocarbon containing carbon-to-carbon multiple bonds.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

A hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in straight or branched chains.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

A hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in a ring structure.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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