Chapter 2

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  • Created by: Kittykiah
  • Created on: 19-03-19 00:24
what is the name of DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic acid.
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what is the name of RNA?
Ribonucleic acid.
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what are the 4 bases of DNA?
Thymine, Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine.
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which pair together?
A+T and G+C
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what different base is in RNA and what does it replace?
Uracil and it replaces Thymine.
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what does Uracil pair with?
Adenine.
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what's the structure of a nucleotide?
phosphate, pentose sugar, organic base.
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how are the 2 joined together?
condensation reaction
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how are two nucleotides joined? (dinucleotide)
a phosphodiester bond
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how do the bonds join?
hydrogen bonds (complementary)
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whats the structure of DNA?
a double helix
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what forms the backbone of the DNA?
the phosphate and the pentose sugar
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what does dna replication prepare for?
nuclear division and cytolinesis
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what does it mean that dna is semi-conservative?
half is new and half is old. (parental and daughter)
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what dos dna helicase do?
"unzips" - separates the two strands of dna by breaking the hydrogen bonds
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what is activated by the separation?
free nucleotides to bind to complementary bases
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what joins the free nucleotides to the template strand?
dna polymerase
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in which direction do the bases bind?
5' to 3'
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what happens to the right side of the dna and why?
this is the lagging stand and needs to be broken up in sections to bind them all
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who gave evidence to the semi-conservative model?
Watson and Crick
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what is ATP needed? (8)
metabolism, movement (external+internal), active transport, maintenance, repair, division, production of substances (enzymes), maintaining constant body temp.
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whats the name for ATP?
adenosine triphosphate
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whats the structure of ATP?
adenine, ribose, 3 phosphate
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how does ATP release energy?
the hydrogen bonds between the phosphates are weak so are broken easily releasing energy
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how is ATP converted to ADP?
a water molecule (hydrolysis)
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what enzyme catalyses this?
ATP hydrolase
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what are the products of this reaction?
ADP+ Pi + E
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what does Pi stand for?
inorganic phosphate
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how is ATP reformed?(synthesised)
condensation reaction (rejoining the phosphate)
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what catalyst is used?
ATP synthase
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where and when does this happen in plants?
in chlorophyll-contaning cells during photosynthesis, during respiration in mitochondria, when phosphate groups are transferred from a donor molecule
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when and where does this happen in animals?
mitochondria during respiration and when phosphate groups are transferred from donor molecules
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why is this the immediate energy source?
ATP releases less energy than glucose so is in more manageable, the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP is a single reaction that releases immediate energy take less time ( glucose has a long series)
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why does ATP need to be continuously made?
cannot be stored
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what does it mean for water to be dipolar?
they have both a positive molecule and a negative molecule (no overall charge)
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how do water molecules attract each other?
hydrogen bonding (positive pole of one attracts negative of another)
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why is the specific heat capacity of water high?
because water molecules sick together so it takes more energy (heat) to separate them
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why is the latent heat capacity high?
hydrogen bonding means it take lots of energy to evaporate 1 gram of water.
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what does it mean for cohesion and surface tension of water mean?
in the xylem it can be pulled through due to cohesion and when water molecules meet air they are dragged into the body of water instead of evaporating
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whats the importance of water to living organisms?
its the main component of all living organisms (mammals are 65%) and is the environment in which many species live and how it arose on earth.
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how is water used in metabolism?
break down of molecules by hydrolysis and is produced by a condensation reaction. chemicals take place in aqueous solutions, water is a major raw material in photosynthesis.
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how is water used as a solvent?
gases O2 and CO2, wastes such as ammonia and urea, inorganic ions ie ATP, amino acids and enzymes.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

what is the name of RNA?

Back

Ribonucleic acid.

Card 3

Front

what are the 4 bases of DNA?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

which pair together?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what different base is in RNA and what does it replace?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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