Chapter 2

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  • Created by: Sydneyxx
  • Created on: 23-01-19 13:48
What are the types of sample preperation?
Dry mount, Wet mount, Squash slides and Smear slides.
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What is differential staining?
Distinguish between two types of organism and differentiate between different organelles.
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Explain the Gram-stain technique
Gram-positive bacteria retain crystal violet stain and appear blue stain. Gram-negative bacteria have thin walls so need to be counterstained with safranin red dye to appear red.
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Stages of preparing a slide?
Fixing, Sectioning, Staining and Mounting
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Definition of Magnification
How many times larger the image is than the actual size of the object
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Definition of Resolution
Ability to see individual objects as separate entities
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Magnification Formula
Size of image / Actual size of object
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Types of electron microscope
Transmission Electron Microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope
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Properties of Light Microscope
Small, cheap, x2000 magnification, 200nm resolving power, no vacuum
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Properties of TEM
Expensive, large, x500,000 magnification 0.5nm resolving power, vacuum needed
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Structure and features of Nucleus
Contains Genetic info in DNA. Contained within a double membrane (nuclear envelope) to protect. Nuclear envelope contains nuclear pores that allow molecules in and out the cell. Associated with histones to form chromatin then coils to chromosones
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Structure and features of Nucleolus
Area within nucleus responsible for producing ribosomes. Composed of proteins and RNA and used to make rRNA necessary for protein synthesis.
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Structure and features of Mitochondria
Site of cellular respiration. Have a double membrane, the inner is folded to form cristae and the interior is the matrix. The cristae membrane contains enzymes for respiration.
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Structure and features of Vesicles
Membranous sacs that have storage and transport roles. Have a single membrane with fluid. Used to transport materials inside of cell.
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Structure and features of Lysosomes
Specialised form of vesicles that have hydrolytic enzymes. Break down waste material such as pathogens ingested by phagocytes. Have a role in cell death.
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Structure and features of Cytoskeleton
Network of fibres necessary for shape and stability. Controls cell movement of organelles. Three main components are microfilaments, microtubules and Intermediate Fibres.
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Structure and features of Microfilaments
Contractile fibres formed from actin. Responsible for cell movement and contraction during cytokinesis.
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Structure and features of Microtubules
Globular tubulin proteins polymerise to form tubes that form scaffold-like structure that determines shape. Act as tracks for movement, including vesicles. Spindle fibres are composed of microtubules.
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Structure and features of Intermediate Fibres
Give mechanical strength to cells and help maintain integrity.
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Structure and features of Centrioles
Component of cytoskeleton and composed of microtubules. Two associated centrioles form a centrosome - involved in assembly and organisation of spindle fibres in cell division.
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Structure and features of Flagella
Whip like extension. Long in small numbers. Used primarily to enable cells motility and also used as a sensory organelle detecting chemical changes in cell.
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Structure and features of Cilia
Hair like extension. Short in large numbers. Stationary cilia are on surface and used as sensory organelle. Mobile cilia beat creating currents allowing movement of fluids/object. Has 9+2 arrangement of microtubules, slides cause beating motion.
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Structure and features of Endoplasmic Reticulum
Network of membranes enclosing flattened sacs called cisternae. Smooth ER is responsible for lipid and carbohydrate synthesis and storage. Rough ER has ribosomes bound to surface and responsible for synthesis and transport of proteins.
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Structure and features of Ribosomes
Not surrounded by a membrane. Constructed of RNA made in nucleolus. Site of protein synthesis.
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Structure and features of Golgi Apparatus
Compact structure formed of cisternae and does not contain ribosomes. Role of modifying proteins and packaging them into vesicles.
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Stages of Protein Production
Proteins synthesised on ribosomes bound to RER. Passed onto cisternae and packaged into transport vesicles. They're transported via cytoskeleton and fuse with face of Golgi. Proteins modified and fuse with membrane and released by exocytosis.
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Structure and features of Cellulose Cell Wall
Freely permeable so substances can pass in and out. Wall gives it shape and contents press against wall making it rigid. Also acts as a defence mechanism, protecting contents against pathogens.
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Structure and features of Vacuole
Membrane lined sacs in cytoplasm. Important in maintenance of turgor and maintain a rigid framework. Membrane of vacuole is the tonoplast and is selectively permeable so only small molecules can get through.
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Structure and features of Chloroplasts
Double membrane structure. Fluid enclosed is the stroma. Internal network of membranes which form flattened sacs called thylakoids. Stacked thylakoids are granum. Grana are joined by membranes = lamellae. Grana contain chlorophyll (light dependant).
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Prokaryotic V Eukaryotic Ribosomes
Prokaryotic ribosomes are 70S (smaller). Eukaryotic are 80S (bigger) and involved in formation of more complex proteins.
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Prokaryotic V Eukaryotic Cell Wall
Prokaryotic cell walls are made from peptidoglycan (murein) .
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Prokaryotic V Eukaryotic Flagella
Prokaryotic flagella are thinner and don't have 9+2 arrangement. Energy to rotate filament comes from chemiosmosis not from ATP. Attached to cell membrane of a bacterium by a basal body and rotated by a molecular motor.
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Prokaryotic V Eukaryotic Flagella
Prokaryote
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Card 2

Front

What is differential staining?

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Distinguish between two types of organism and differentiate between different organelles.

Card 3

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Explain the Gram-stain technique

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Stages of preparing a slide?

Back

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Card 5

Front

Definition of Magnification

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