Changes in the Civil Rights movement 1963-1970

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What happened on 3rd April 1963?
Police Chief Eugene 'Bull' Conner arrested some Civil rights activists during a peaceful protest. Martin Luther King said it was better to go to jail than accepting segregation.
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What happened on 12th April 1963
Martin Luther King was arrested for defying a ban on marches on Good Friday. During his stay he wrote 'Letter from Birmingham Jail', one of the most famous documents of the civil rights movement.
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What happened on 20th April 1963?
Martin Luther King was released from jail. In his demonstrations, he used children and students and due to this the police had to change their methods.
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What happened on 3rd May 1963?
Police Chief Conner allowed his men to set police dogs on peaceful protesters and used powerful water hoses from the fire department. 2,000 demonstrators were put in jail; 1,300 of them being children. The demonstration was widely publicized.
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What happened on 9th May 1963?
Due to the publicity of the march on 3rd May, Martin Luther King talked with Birmingham city about bringing desegregation to the city. It was agreed that desegregation would take place in 90 days.
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What happened on 11th June 1963?
Medger Evers, leader of the Mississippi National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People was assassinated in Jackson, by a white sniper.
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What did the 14th Amendment state?
All black American citizens were to be treated equally as a white citizen, making any form of discrimination unconstitutional.
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How does the 14th Amendment link to discrimination to racism in the USA?
It tells of the winning war that black Americans had to fight to gain Civil Rights and full equality.
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What had the Supreme Court rule in 1896?
The Supreme Court ruled that public facilities, education and public transportation were to be segregated as long as they were 'separate but equal'.
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What was the effects/impacts of the 1954 ruling of the Supreme Court?
When the Supreme Court ruled that all school segregation was unconstitutional, many school's complied but many school's put up a fight.
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What did the opposition do about the 1954 ruling of the Supreme Court?
A White Citizen Council tried to keep segregation laws in the Southern States, as they were originally slave owning states.
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What were White Citizen Councils?
White Citizen Councils were groups of white Americans that opposed the desegregated laws.
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Why did White Citizen Councils spread all over the Southern States?
They spread over the Southern States because white Americans agreed that black Americans were lower class to them.
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What does the growing white opposition prove about the difficulties faced by black Americans in trying to achieve better Civil Right and Equality?
The growing white opposition to Civil Rights proves that black Americans had to fight for their rights because if they did they would be overpowered by white opposition.
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Why had many Civil Right laws been watered down or rarely enforced in the past?
American presidents needed the support from the voters and senators of the Southern states, who strongly opposed civil rights.
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What does SCLC stand for?
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
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Who were the SCLC?
The SCLC was an all black run and led group; they followed the Montgomery Bus Boycott and performed peaceful protests.
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What did the SCLC organize in 1957?
A pilgrimage; "Crusade for Citizenship".
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How did President Eisenhower get involved with Civil Rights?
He passed the Civil Rights Act in 1957. Also, he stated that all people had the right to serve on juries.
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How did President Eisenhower help black Americans gain the right to vote fairly?
He looked for evidence of racial discrimination in voting in Montgomery, Alabama, emphasizing that all Americans, no matter what colour or race, had the right to vote. He allowed federal government to intervene if anyone was prevented from voting.
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Who were the 'Freedom Riders'?
Civil Rights activists who went onto buses that they weren't meant to board onto.
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What were the 'Freedom Riders' aim?
To ban segregation on interstate buses.
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What year did the 'Freedom Riders' occur?
1961.
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Who were the opposition to the 'Freedom Riders'?
White Segregationists who beat up both white and black Civil Rights activists; even thought they had protection up until Alabama.
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Did the 'Freedom Riders' succeed or fail?
It was an eventual success as Segregation was banned on inter state buses.
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Who were Dixiecrats?
Southern Democrats who were against against integration.
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Why did Civil Rights campaigners target Birmingham, Alabama as the place for a full scale non-violent desegregation campaign in 1963?
Birmingham were still segregating black Americans, it was well known for racial tension as it had been nick-named 'Bombingham' as whites had attacked black homes, churches and business'.
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When was the March on Washington?
28th August, 1963.
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How had the march become famous?
Martin Luther King performed his 'I have a dream' speech, and up to 500,000 people turned up; 3,000 reporting the march worldwide.
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How successful was the 1963 Civil Rights March on Washington?
250,000 to 500,000 people came to the march, showing that Civil Rights activists that they were hugely supported. The march was publicesed, pressuring the President and congress to pass the laws.
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Who was Stokely Carmichael?
He was a member of the SNCC, at one stage being an 'honorary Prime Minister' of the Black Panthers.
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Who was Malcom X?
He was a member of the Nation of Islam, who were a violent demonstrating group. He was murdered for trying to leave the group in 1965.
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Who were the Black Panthers?
They proclaimed a race war and openly carried guns.
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How did President Johnson manage to get the 1964 Civil Rights Act passed, despite opposition from Southern States?
With the attention from the media, there was little opposition and President Johnson was able to pass the Civil Rights Act.
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What did the Civil Rights Act do, passed in 1964?
It ended discrimination in education, public places and work.
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What did the Equal Opportunities Commission do?
It investigated discrimination; making discriminating state laws illegal, and the voter registration test equal for black and white Americans.
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How effective was the Civil Rights Act, passed in 1964?
It wasn't very effective as out of the 5 million possible black voters, only 2 million were registered to vote and in Mississippi only 6.4% possible black voters were registered to vote.
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What did Civil Rights groups decide to do next?
They decided to try and increase the number of Black voters, starting in Alabama, because of the violent clashes between races when blacks went to vote.
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What did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 do?
It set up the National Literacy test for voting was set up on the 6th August 1965 by the Voting Rights Act.
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What was the National Literacy Test?
When a Federal examiner would go to any state and check that no-one was being discriminated against in voter registration. The Federal examiners then stopped states from making their own literacy laws.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What happened on 12th April 1963

Back

Martin Luther King was arrested for defying a ban on marches on Good Friday. During his stay he wrote 'Letter from Birmingham Jail', one of the most famous documents of the civil rights movement.

Card 3

Front

What happened on 20th April 1963?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What happened on 3rd May 1963?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What happened on 9th May 1963?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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