Collectivisation

?
  • Created by: emma why
  • Created on: 06-04-14 15:25
How many machine and tractor stations were established?
2500 MTS
1 of 139
What was the aim of machine and tractor stations?
Support collective farms through maintaining and hiring out machinery
2 of 139
In order to use machinery from an MTS what percentage of produce had to be handed over by peasants?
20%
3 of 139
How were MTS stations used to consolidate Stalin's power?
Control the countryside, each had a political department to root out anti-soviet elements, establish party cells in area and ensure each kolkhoz handed over quota of grain
4 of 139
What was the first priority of the collective farm?
Deliver quotas of grain and other food products to the state
5 of 139
What did the state do with food products from collective farm?
Paid collective farm very low prices and then sold produce to towns at slightly higher prices
6 of 139
What could the peasants do with any surplus, that was usually from their private plots?
Sell at local market
7 of 139
What was the main source of milk, butter and eggs for the urban population?
From the peasant's private plots which they used to make surplus to sell
8 of 139
Did workers receive a wage on the kolkhoz?
No, instead credited with 'workdays' in return for labour on collective fields
9 of 139
How would the profit at end of year from a collective farm be divided up at the end of the year?
According to the workdays of each peasant
10 of 139
What was the issue with the division of profit from collective farms?
Most farms made little profit so most peasants received little money - private plots became crucial to both supplement diet and sell extra produce
11 of 139
Collectivisation
Process by which Russian agriculture was reformed
12 of 139
How did Russian peasants originally work?
On small farms with limited technology
13 of 139
What was Stalin's plan?
To merge all small farms into large collective farms to pool labour and resources to operate more efficiently
14 of 139
Why was collectivisation introduced?
Economic factors, ideological factor (Communism), political factors and the grain procurement crisis of 1927-9
15 of 139
What was the state to provide to modernise production and improve efficiency?
Tractors and fertilisers
16 of 139
Economic Factors
Autumn 1926 - record grain harvests but harvests from 1927-9 were poorer
17 of 139
What was the impact of the poor harvests of 1927-9 with decrease in production?
Agricultural products price forced up with standards of living among urban workers declined
18 of 139
How did the decrease in agricultural production in 1927-9 affect the government?
Since 1921 had been selling grain surpluses abroad to gain foreign currency needed to provide resources for industrialisation - if no surpluses then there would be no money to build Russian industry
19 of 139
How did collectivisation hold prospect for economic benefit?
Increased efficiency accompanied by mechanisation. Less people would be required to work on farms - releases manpower for developing industry.
20 of 139
What could the increased production of foodstuffs hoped for under collectivisation provide?
Sell more overseas to gain resources for industrialisation and also increased standard of living for urban workers
21 of 139
Up until 1928 had communism done much to change Russian agriculture?
No, peasants used traditional farming methods
22 of 139
What illustrated the fact that the peasants had a lack of revolutionary spirit?
Produced grain for themselves and not the good of the community
23 of 139
What did Communists believe that collectivisation was essential for?
Capitalist peasants to embrace socialism
24 of 139
What motivated Stalin's desire to start collectivisation?
Struggle against Bukharin and the right wing of Party
25 of 139
Who did the radical nature of collectivisation appeal to?
Left wing
26 of 139
What was the right wing alternative to collectivisation?
Import grain
27 of 139
What would grain imports have done?
Slowed pace of industrialisation as less money available
28 of 139
What influenced Stalin's decision to collectivise?
He knew little about agriculture
29 of 139
During his adult life Stalin had visited farm land once - when?
In 1928 for less than a month
30 of 139
What shows how simple Stalin's view of agriculture was?
He believed that it could be changed just by act of will and strong leadership
31 of 139
What did Stalin assert about peasants who refused co-operation?
Were essentially terrorists and enemies of the people and should be showed no mercy
32 of 139
What did the Grain Procurement Crisis 1927-9 act as a catalyst for?
End of NEP
33 of 139
Under NEP how did government get grain?
From peasants on free market
34 of 139
When poor harvests forced grain prices up, what did kulaks begin to do?
Withhold grain to push price higher
35 of 139
What did Stalin describe the Kulak's withholding of grain as?
Kulak Grain Strike
36 of 139
What did Stalin use the 'grain strike' to do?
Revive grain requisitioning
37 of 139
What did the Grain Strike show Stalin about the importance of peasants?
They could practically hold the government to ransom and slow down industrialisation
38 of 139
What did the grain strike show?
Ideology of the peasants was capitalist
39 of 139
What did Stalin use as evidence of NEP's failure and to undermine Bukharin's position?
Grain Procurement Crisis
40 of 139
How was collectivisation carried out?
Emergency measures, liquidation of kulaks
41 of 139
What was the response to the Grain Procurement Crisis?
Increase power of government ovre economy
42 of 139
When did Stalin reintroduce rationing to cities?
In winter of 1928-9 in response to lakc of bread and sugar
43 of 139
Article 107 of Soviet Criminal Code at end of 1928 (when state resumed grain requisitioning)
Grain hoarding punishable
44 of 139
How did Stalin reward poor peasants who informed on rich neighbours?
Gave them land that belonged to the kulaks
45 of 139
What was the impact of emergency measures?
Caused resentment between peasants
46 of 139
Initially Bukharin persuaded party to abandon policies of emergency measures including grain requisitioning - when were they reintroduced?
When Stalin's power grew
47 of 139
When did the government start to requisition meat?
Spring 1929
48 of 139
In the middle of 1929 revised Criminal Code. Article 61 gave the policy power to send kulaks to labour camps for up to two years for
"failure to carry out general state instructions"
49 of 139
What was the impact of emergency measures on Stalin's control?
Increased it
50 of 139
What does emergency measures include? (roughly)
Actions to middle of 1929 with Article 61
51 of 139
When did mass collectivisation start?
In December 1929
52 of 139
How did Stalin word his instructions regarding the kulaks?
'liquidate the kulaks as a class'
53 of 139
Why was the liquidation of the kulaks significant?
Dekulakisation was the end of capitalism and independent farming in the countryside, increased speed of collectivisation
54 of 139
At first, what percentage of Russia's farms did Stalin propose to be collectivised extremely quickly?
30%
55 of 139
What did the call to liquidate the kulaks lead to?
Immediate collectivisation of all farming
56 of 139
Who did Stalin appeal to?
Poorest peasants with new collective farms controlling all land, peasants pooled resources and used kulak's resources to share n greater harvest
57 of 139
Poorest peasants were in the minority- what did collectivisation mean for others?
Loss of independence and significant financial loss
58 of 139
When majority of peasants rebelled, destroying grain and livestock rather than surrendering, how many horses and how many sheep and goats were destroyed from 1929-33?
18 million horses and 100 million sheep and goast
59 of 139
What did kulaks do to machinery rather than relinquish it to Communists?
Destroyed it
60 of 139
What did the process of collectivisation involve?
Twenty five thousanders, dizzy with success, famine
61 of 139
Why did Stalin introduce a new policy just before forced collectivisation?
Local Communists were unhappy about collectivisation plans and were not willing to implement them
62 of 139
To prevent unhappy local Communists being an issue, Stalin issued a decree to send 25,000 'socially conscious' industrial worekrs to countryside. How many signed up wanting to revolutionise countryside and build socialism?
27,000 workers
63 of 139
After a two week course, what were the 25000ers supposed to be used for?
Offer technical help to peasants and show them how to use complex machinery
64 of 139
What were the 25000ers used to do?
Enforce dekulakisation, find stores of grain and confiscate them.
65 of 139
What were the 25000ers expected to do?
Round up kulaks and organise exkile, forcing remainign peasants into collective farms
66 of 139
What happened to the majority of kulaks in the first wave of collectivisation?
Majority of kulaks and families shot or sent in cattle trucks to SIBERIA
67 of 139
What happened to the Kulaks when they arrived in Siberia?
Those who survived to forced labour camps run by secret police
68 of 139
What happened to thousands of kulaks?
Died of hunger and disease
69 of 139
Was Stalin moved by the plight of the kulaks?
No - announced that Moscow "doesn't believe in tears"
70 of 139
What had resistance to collectivisation lead to?
Slaughter of livestock ,destruction of tracts, burning of crops and high levels of hostility
71 of 139
What forced Stalin to halt collectivisation in March 1930?
Economic and political reality
72 of 139
How did Stalin defend his policy in the Pravda article 'Dizzy with Success?
Claimed some local officials were 'overenthusiastic' about implementing - instead of taking the blame he blamed those below him
73 of 139
In Dizzy with Success why did Stalin say collectivisation was suspended?
As targets had been met
74 of 139
Though Stalin never admitted problem caused or that so many died/exiled what was Dizzy with Success?
A form of admission that many within the party believed that the carnage had went too far
75 of 139
When was Dizzy with Success published in Pravda?
March 1930
76 of 139
In March 1930 what percentage of Russian farms had been collectivised?
50%
77 of 139
In August 1930 where were many peasants?
Back at their own farms
78 of 139
By the end of 1930 what percentage of farmers remained in collectives?
25%
79 of 139
When did the pressure to collectivise resume?
1931
80 of 139
What did the second wave of collectivisation lead to?
Unprecendented famine
81 of 139
What was significant about the 1932-4 famine?
Was the result of government policy rather than natural disaster such as poor harvests of 1927-9
82 of 139
In 1931 government gave hugely unrealistic targets to farmers, what did Stalin say would happen if failed to reach targets?
Would be seen as sabatage and be highly punished
83 of 139
What happened in the second wave of collectivisation when farmers failed to reach targets?
Stalin ordered grain seizure by Red Army and Secret Police - to meet targets all grain was confiscated
84 of 139
In the second wave of collectivisation what would happen to peasants caught hiding even one or two ears of corn?
Would be shot
85 of 139
What were there military checkpoints to prevent?
Food entering the Ukraine.
86 of 139
What did trains entering the Ukraine have to do?
Keep windows shut to prevent food falling on tracks
87 of 139
Why was an international aid offer refused?
Stalin claimed there was no famine in Socialist Russia
88 of 139
What did people fight over?
Horse manure containing some undigested grain
89 of 139
Authorities made no count of the dead but what is a fair estimated of the number dead?
10 million
90 of 139
What did economic policy chaos mean?
Some grain rotted in barrels while peasants starved
91 of 139
What was Holodomor?
The man made famine in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic specifically
92 of 139
Since 2006 what has Holodomor been recognised as?
recognized by the independent Ukraine and several other countries as a genocide of the Ukrainian people
93 of 139
According to the decision of Kyiv Appellation Court, what was the final demographic losses due to the famine in the Ukraine?
amounted to 10 million, with 3.9 million famine deaths, and a 6.1 million birth deficit
94 of 139
What was collectivisation intended to do?
bring Socialism and efficiency to the countryside, failed though did bring some industrialisation
95 of 139
How many kulak families were sent to Siberia in 1929?
150,000
96 of 139
How many kulak families were sent to Siberia in 1930?
240,000
97 of 139
How many kulak families were sent to Siberia in 1931?
285,000
98 of 139
Some villages had what percentage of peasants exiled?
10%
99 of 139
How many peasants were exiled due to dekulakisation?
9.5-10mn
100 of 139
Was there much incentive for those who worked hard on the collectives?
No as tey had no land of their own and received little reward
101 of 139
What was the impact of collectivisation?
Decline in productivity
102 of 139
What was the reality about those who were exiled?
Were often the most enterprising or hardworking
103 of 139
Was the early phase of mechanisation successful?
No, was ineffective
104 of 139
How many tonnes less was the harvest of 1933 then the harvest of 1926?
9 million tonnes
105 of 139
What happened to the number of horses from 1928 to 1932?
Halved
106 of 139
What happened to the number of pigs from 1928 to 1932?
Halved
107 of 139
When did the Central Committee agree to create the national network of MTS?
June 1930
108 of 139
What meant that the MTS netwrok was not fully established until 1931?
Bad planning
109 of 139
What prevented many farms from hiring tractors to extract more grain?
Too expensive
110 of 139
By end of 1932 how many tractors were there in Russia?
Almost 750,000
111 of 139
By the end of 1932 how many MTS in Russia?
2500
112 of 139
What percentage of farms were not involved in MTS network by end of 1932?
Half of all farms
113 of 139
Did extra tractors make up for the loss of millions of horses?
No
114 of 139
In 1941 what percentage of farms were collectivised?
All
115 of 139
What was the goal of collectivisation?
Provide more grain to export for funds to industrialise as need foreign currency
116 of 139
Although amount of grain produced fell from 1926 what happened to the amount exported by state?
Still increased
117 of 139
In 1928 how many tonnes of grain procured by state?
11 million tonnes
118 of 139
1929 how many tonnes of grain procured by state?
16 million tonnes
119 of 139
How many tonnes of grain were procured by the state in 1933?
23 million tonnes
120 of 139
Grain exports rose from 0.03 million tonnes to over 5 million tonnes in which year
1931
121 of 139
Although there was not famine in the cities what happened to standard of living for industrial workers?
Fell significantly
122 of 139
What happened to the value of wages from 1928 to 1932?
Halved
123 of 139
What happened to the amount of meat consumed by urban workers from 1928 to 1932?
Fell by 2/3
124 of 139
What did government blame for poor harvests?
'kulak spirit' - propaganda fed suspicion to urban workers that peasants were not helping build socialism
125 of 139
What did left wing Communists see Stalin's hard line against peasants as?
Return to heroism of civil war
126 of 139
Why were party leaders loyal to new policies against kulaks and peasants?
Fear of civil war
127 of 139
In 1928 what precentage of population were workign class
18%
128 of 139
In 1919 what percentage were working class
50%
129 of 139
What happened to some city's urban populations in the 1930s?
Trebled
130 of 139
From 1922 to 1940 the number of Russians in cities rose from 22 million to 63 million. What was the impact of this?
Issuse as government reluctant to invest in urban housing
131 of 139
What is Stalin often remmbeerd for?
Mid 1930s when 10,000s exiled or executed as enemies of the state
132 of 139
What did Stalin remove through collectivisation?
Removal of influence of traditional village roles (teacher and priests), elimination/removal of 15,000,000 kulaks and removal capitalist classes
133 of 139
Collectivisation abolished the peasant controlled mir. What was this?
Village commune
134 of 139
What happened to the number of cattle from 1928-33?
Halved
135 of 139
What was grain production ni 1928
73.3mn tonne
136 of 139
Grain production in 1934
67.6 million tonnes
137 of 139
When was there greater use of machinery in countryside?
After mid 1930s
138 of 139
What were grain supplies seized ued for
Feed towns, support industrialisation and for exports to buy ofireng exchange
139 of 139

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What was the aim of machine and tractor stations?

Back

Support collective farms through maintaining and hiring out machinery

Card 3

Front

In order to use machinery from an MTS what percentage of produce had to be handed over by peasants?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

How were MTS stations used to consolidate Stalin's power?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What was the first priority of the collective farm?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar History resources:

See all History resources »See all Russia - 19th and 20th century resources »