Central Nervous system

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  • Created by: Louisa
  • Created on: 19-10-19 18:03
what is the central nervous system
detects and responds to changes inside and outside the body. also maintains homeostatis
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consists of
brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves
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central nervous system consists of
brain and spinal cord
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peripheral nervous system consists of
cranial nerves and spinal nerves
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what are the systems
somatic, autonomic, sympathic, and parasypathetic
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Somantic nervous system is
Within our control, such as skeletal muscles
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Autonomic nervous system is
out of our control, such as digestion. spilts in sympathetic and parasympathetic
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sypathetic includes
fight or flight
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parasympathetic includes
rest and digest
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a neuron consits on
dendrites, nucleus, node of ranvier, axon, schwann cells, axon terminal
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what is the travel of dirextion
from dendrites to axon terminal
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glial cells do what
provide support and insulation to the neurons
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include what type of celss
schwann cells, astrocyte, microglial, oligodendrocyte cells
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what is the corpus callosum
where 2 hemiphere of the brain join. one hemisphere is responsible for each side of the body
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cerebrum includes
concious thoughts, memory storage, reg of skeletal msucles
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diencephalon includes what
thalamus and hypothalamus
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thalamus
relay and process centres for sensory info
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hypothalamus
centre controlling emotion, autonomic, functions, and hormone production
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cerebellum
coordinates complex somatic motor patterns,
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pons
relay sensory info to cerebellum and thalamus, also subconcious somati and visceral motor centres. and centres to regualte breathing
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medulla oblongata
relays sensory and motor input between other parts of brain and spinal cord. contains centres to maange heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing
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what is meninges (3)
an additional layer to protect the brain, dura, arachnoid, and pia
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dura
tough outer layer consisting of connective tissue
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arachnoid
middle layer, the sub-arachnoid space (between arachnoid and pia) is filled with CSF
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what is CSF
cerebrospinal fluid, protects the brain from injury. also carries o2, glucose and other nutrients, essential for brain function and also removes waste products
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Pia
delicate inner layer, contain small blood vessels providing the brain with nutrients and O2
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what are the 4 lobes on the brain
Frontal, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe
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what are other brain areas
motor cortex, somatosensory cortex, brocas area, wernickes area, medulla oblongata, cerebellum
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how does the brain form
forms a groove, then a tube, and opens at both ends, within the neural tue, stem cells generate 2 major classes. neurons and Glial
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parkinsons disease is hat
the gradual degeneration of dopamine releasing neurones.
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what happens to the body
a lack of control and coordination of muscle movement. fixed msucle tone, expressionless facial features, rigidity of voluntary muscles, shuffling gait and stooping posture, muscle tremor of extremities
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onset age?
45 to 60. progressive physical disability, but not intellect impaired
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motor neuron disease, common in and is the
men over 50 , and is the chronic progressive degeneration of motor neurons
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what motor neurons are destoryed and replaced by?
cerebral cortex, brain stem, anterior horns of spinal cord and replaced by gliosis
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early signs is and alter
hand weakness and hand twitching, legs are affected later
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tumours, primary start in the
meninges and blood vessels
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benign means and malignant means?
slow and rapid growth
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signs
headache, vomiting and papilloedema
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metatases in the brain come from
primary sites such as breast, lung and bone marrow
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multiple sclerosis is
areas of demylinated white matter called plaques irregualrly is distributed throughout the brain and spinal cord
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develops at
20 to 40
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factors
environemnt ore adolensence, genetic , and immune
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damage leads to
weakness of skeletal muscles and sometimes paralysis, lack of coordination and movement, disturbed sensation, incontinence and blurred/ double vision
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there is a pattern of , varying in
relapse and remission, varying in duration
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relapse causes
further loss of nervous tissues = progressive diease`
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can be either
progressive or acute
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raised ICP is caused by
increased colume in brain, cerebral blood vessel , blood and CSF
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onset can be either
slow or rapid
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characteristed by
bradycardia and hypertension, aslo hypoxia due to rise ion co2 levels, leading to further bradycardia and hypertension
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causes of ICP
cerebral oedema, hydrocephalus, haemorrhage, haematoma, tumours
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head injury caused by
impact or movement of the brain
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sometimes there is no
outward sign of injury, or hours or days later
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could lead to an incrase in ICP becuase
entry of microbes
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cerebrovascular diseaseis called a
stroke
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predisposing factors
hypertension, atheroma, smoking, and diabetes mellitus
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blood flow to the brain is
suddenly interrupted causing hypoxia, paralysis to one side of the body, disturbances in speech and vison, depends on size and location
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causes of CVA (2)
cerebral infarction (85%),or sponateous intra cranial haemorrage (15%)
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cerebral infraction caused by
atheroma or blockage of an artery by an ambolus, or a TIA,
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spontaneous intracranial haemorrhage may be found where
subarachnoid space or intracerebral
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assosciated with a
aneursm or hypertension
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blood can caused either a n
ishaemia, infarction or hypoxic brain damage
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dementia is both
progressive and irreversible degeneration and atropy of the cerebral cortex, usually over several years
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results in a gradual impairment in
memory, intellect and reasoning
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also causes
emotional lability and peronality change
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2 other categories of dementia
huntingdons and alzheimers
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what 4 ventricles are in the brain
lateral ventricle, inter ventricle forame, third ventricle and fourth ventricle
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spinal cord is susoended in
vertebral canal surrounded by menings and CSF
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it is the continuous extention of the and extents to
medualla oblongata, to border of 1st lumbar vertebra
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aprrox how long and thick
45cm and 1cm
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the spinal cord is made up of
grey matter surrounded by white matter
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receptors in the skin send ino to
the spinal cord via spinal nerves.
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cell bodies for these neurons are found in the
dorsal root ganglion
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reflex arc in order
receptor, sensory neuron, control centre, motor neron, effector
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sensory somatic nervous system is made up if how many spinal and cranial nerves
31 pairs and 12 pairs
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what are the 5 sets of nerves in the sensory somatic system
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral 1 coccygeal
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spinal nerves leave the vetebral canal by
passing through invertebral foramen, small opening on each vertebra
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after emerging from the foramen they divide in
branches called rami
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they form large masses of nerves called
plexuses, where they group together
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what are the 5 plexuses
cervical, brcahial, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal
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how many cranial nerves
12
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1
olfactory - sensory
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11
optic - sensory
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111
oculomotor - motor
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1v
trochlear - motor
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V
trigeminal - moxed
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V1
abducens - motor
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V11
facial - mixed
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V111
Vestibulocotchlear - sensory
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IX
glossopharyngeal - mixed
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X
vagus - mixed
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XI
accessroy - motor
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XII
hypoglossa - motor
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the autonomic nervous system controls what muscles
smooth, cardiac,and also glands
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divdes into and anables and restores
sympathetic and parasympathetic, balance of involunatry functions
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Fight or flight reponse
sympathetic - BP increase, pupils dialtes, digestion slows
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Rest and digest
Parasympathetic - BP increases, digestion starts and heart beat slows
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consists of

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brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves

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central nervous system consists of

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peripheral nervous system consists of

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what are the systems

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