Cells and Cell Transport

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  • Created by: Steph
  • Created on: 06-01-13 13:22
What is the function of the golgi apparatus?
It processes and packages new lipids and proteins. It also makes lysosomes.
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What does the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) do?
It synthesises and processes lipids.
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How are epithelial cells in the small intestine adapted to absorb food efficiently?
Lots of villi to increase the surface area, microvilli on the villi to increase surface area even more, lots of mitochondria to provide energy for transport of digested food molecules into the cell
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What is the function of ribosomes?
Proteins are made here
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What takes place on the mitochondria?
Aerobic respiration
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What does the nucleolus make?
Ribosomes
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What is the function of the plasma membrane?
Regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell. It has receptor molecules on it which allow it to respond to chemicals (e.g hormones)
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What do lysosomes contain?
Digestive enzymes
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What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)?
It folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes
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The SER and RER both have what?
Cavities that act as a transporting system- substances can move from one side of the cell to the other
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What do nuclear pores allow?
Substances to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
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What surrounds the nucleus?
A nuclear envelope (double membrane)
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What is meant by the term 'resolution'?
How detailed the image is. How well the microscope can distinguish between two points that are close together
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How do you calculate magnification?
Length of image / Length of specimen
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What is a disadvantage of light microscopes?
They have lower resolution than electron microscopes so produce poorer images
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What is an advantage and a disadvantage of Transmission Electron Microscopes?
They give high resolution images but they can only use thin specimens
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Name two advantages of a Scanning Electron Microscope
1) They can be used on thick specimens 2) They produce 3D images
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What is meant by 'homogenisation?'
Breaking up the plasma membrane and releasing the organelles into solution
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What happens when you filter the homogenised cell solution?
Large cell debris or tissue debris is separated from the organelles
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What is the term used to describe the process which separates a particular organelle from the others?
Ultracentrifugation
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The heaviest organelles sit at the bottom of the test tube after they've been obtained. From heaviest to lightest, name the organelles.
Nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes.
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What is 'osmosis?'
The diffusion of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane, from an area of high water potential to an area of low water potential.
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What is water potential?
The concentration of water molecules/ the likelihood of water molecules to diffuse out of or into a solution
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What has the highest water potential?
Pure water
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What is unable to diffuse through the plasma membrane?
Large solute molecules
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What type of proteins are present in the phospholipid bilayer? What do they help?
Carrier proteins and protein channels, help facilitated diffusion take place
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What is transported through the bilayer by facilitated diffusion?
Large molecules (e.g amino acids, glucose) and charged atoms
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Do protein channels help charged particles, or large particles to diffuse?
Charged particles
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What are the 5 steps of the fluid mosaic model?
The membrane... 1) is a good barrier against most water-soluble molecules 2) controls what enters/leaves the cell 3) allows cell communication 4) allows cell recognition 5) is fluid
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Why is the fluid mosaic model named that?
It's fluid because the phospholipids in the plasma membrane are constantly moving around and the proteins scattered through the bilayer look like mosaic tiles
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What is involved in diffusion that is also involved in active transport and what is the only difference?
Carrier proteins- difference is that energy is used in active transport
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What is most commonly co-transported and in what process?
Sodium ions and glucose, in digestion
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What is it that prevents water-soluble molecules from diffusing through the plasma membrane?
The hydrophobic tails of the phospholipid bilayer
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What maintains a diffusion gradient allowing facilitated diffusion to take place in the small intestine?
The active transport of the sodium ions out of the base of the epithelial cell
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How is glucose absorbed from the small intestine?
Co-transport of sodium ions- the glucose molecule is carried into the epithelial cell (with a sodium ion) by facilitated diffusion
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What is cholera?
A bacterial disease that affects absorption from the small intestine.
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Give 5 ways that prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells
1) Much smaller 2) Have circular DNA 3) Don't have membrane-bound organelles 4) Have plasmids 5) Do not have a true nucleus
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How does cholera bacterium cause disease? (points 1-4)
1) Transmitted in polluted water 2) Bacterium attaches to epithelial cells in S.I, multiplies, produces toxin. 3) Toxin affects transport proteins in ep cells 4) Sodium & Chloride ions pass out of cells, turning lumen of S.I salty.
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How does cholera bacterium cause disease? (points 5-7)
5) Water lost by osmosis from cells, then blood, to lumen of S.I 6) This causes diarrhoea & massive dehydration 7) Can be fatal if not treated in time
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How does ORT help rehydrate a patient?
1) Contains lots of glucose and sodium ions. 2) They are taken up by co-transport proteins in membranes of ep cells. 3) Increases concentration of solutes in cells and in blood plasma, lowering water potential. Water follows by osmosis & rehydrates
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What does the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) do?

Back

It synthesises and processes lipids.

Card 3

Front

How are epithelial cells in the small intestine adapted to absorb food efficiently?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is the function of ribosomes?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What takes place on the mitochondria?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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hellman

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nice resource :)

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