Cells of the Nervous System

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CNS
brain and spinal chord
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PNS-peripheral nervous system
part of NS outside brain and spinal chord-nerves attached to brain and spinal chord
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soma
cell body of the neutron-contains nucleus
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dendrite
branched, treelike structure attached to soma of neuron; receives info from terminal buttons of other neurons
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synapse
junction between terminal button of axon and membrane of another neuron
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axon
long, thin, cylindrical structure that conveys info from soma of neuron to its terminal buttons
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multipolar neuron
one axon and many dendrites attached to its soma; motor neuron;impulse from CNS to rest of body
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bipolar neutron
one axon and dendrite attached to its soma; usually sensory neutron-picks up info from environment & sends to CNS
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unipolar neuron
1 axon attached to its soma; axon divides, with 1 branch receiving sensory info and other sending info into CNS
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interneuron
association neuron; lives in CNS;impulse moves between sensory and motor neurons
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terminal button
bud at end of branch of axon;forms synapse with another neuron; sends info to that neuron
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neurotransmitter
chemical that's release by terminal button;has excretory/inhibitory effect on another neuron
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membrane
structure consisting mainly of lipid molecules that defines the other boundaries of a cell & constitutes many of cell organelles
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cytoplasm
viscous, semiliquid substance coating in interior of cell
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mitochondria
organelle that's responsible for extracting energy from nutrients
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adenosine triphosphate ATP
molecule of prime importance to cellular energy metabolism; its breakdown liberates energy
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nucleus
a structure in central region of cell, containing chromosomes
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chromosomes
a strand of DNA,with associated proteins, found in nucleus-carries genetic info
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deoxyribonucleic acid
long complex macromolecule (many atoms) consisting of 2 interconnected helical stands;along with associated proteins; strands of DNA constitute the chromosomes
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gene
functional unit of the chromosome, which directs synthesis of one or ore proteins
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cytoskeleton
support structure formed of microtubules and other protein fibres linked to each other & form a cohesive mass-gives a cell its shape
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enzyme
molecule that controls a chemical reaction, combining 2 substances or breaking a substance into two parts
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axoplasmic transport
active processes substances are propelled along microtubules that run the length of the axon
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microtubules
long strand of bundles of protein filaments arranged around a hollow core; part of cytoskeleton and involved in transporting substances from place to place within cell
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glia
supporting cells of CNS
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astrocyte
glial cell that provides support for neutrons of CNS-provies nutrients and other substances & regulates chemical composition of extracellular fluid
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phagocytosis
process cells engulf and digest other cells/debris caused by cellular degeneration
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myelin sheath
sheath that surrounds axons and insulates them, preventing messages from spreading between adjacent axons
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node of Ranvier
a naked portion of myelinated exon, between adjacent oligodendroglia/Schwann cells
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oligodendrocyte
type of cell in CNS that forms myelin sheaths
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microglia
smallest of glial cells; act as phagocytes and protect brain from invading microorganisms
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Schwann cells
cell in PNS that's wrapped around a myelinated axon, providing one segment of its myelin sheath
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blood-brain barrier
semipermeable barrier between blood and bran produced by cells in walls of brain's capillaries
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area postrema
reign of medulla where blood-brain barrier is weak;poisns can be detected there and thus can initiate vomiting
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nucleus
membrane-bound structure contusing most genetic material
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nucleolus
within the nucleus composed of proteins and nucleic acids
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ribosomes
ribonucleic acids and proteins in the cytoplasm involved in manufacturing proteins
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rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
membrane network studded with ribosome involved in protein synthesis
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smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
membranous network involved in lipid synthesis, regulation of calcium and metabolism of carbohydrates
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golgi apparatus
sorts and chemically modifies portions for specific uses
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mitochondria
membrane enclose organelle responsible for generating chemical energy
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lysosome
contains enzymes to remove waste
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cytoskeleton
made up of different type of tube like structures responsible for maintaining cell's shape
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concentration gradient
difference in concentration of a substance in two areas
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what does a concentration gradient create?
a force driving movement of that substance from an area of high to low concentration; 'moving down its concentration gradient'
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potential gradient
difference in charge between 2 areas
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what does a potential gradient result in?
a force to move an ion to an rea with opposing charge e.g. positive to negative; requires no energy
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

part of NS outside brain and spinal chord-nerves attached to brain and spinal chord

Back

PNS-peripheral nervous system

Card 3

Front

cell body of the neutron-contains nucleus

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

branched, treelike structure attached to soma of neuron; receives info from terminal buttons of other neurons

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

junction between terminal button of axon and membrane of another neuron

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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