What is the outer coating of protien called around a virus?
Capsid
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When does HIV develop into AIDs?
When helper T-cells reach a critically low level
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What is the envelope of a virus?
An extra outer layer, made of membrane stolen from cell membrane of a previous host cell.
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What is an antigen?
Molecules that can generate an immune response when detected by the body. Found on the surface of cells and used to identify pathogens.
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What is a phagocyte?
A type of white blood cell that carries out phagocytosis.
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How do phagocytes activate T-cells?
Receptor proteins on T-cell bind to complementary antigens presented by phagocytes.
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What are the different types of T cell?
Helper T-cells, which release chemical signals that activate and stimulate phagocytes. Cytotoxic T-cells which kill abnormal and foreign cells.
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How do T-cells activate B-cells?
B-cells are covered in antibodies, when a B-cell meets a complementary shape antigen it binds to it. This along with substances released from helper T-cells activates B-cells (clonal selection)
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What are plasma cells?
Identical to B-cell (clones). They secrete loads of antibodies specific to the antigens (monoclonal antibodies)
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What is agglutination?
When pathogens clump together, after two pathogens bind at the same time to the binding sites.
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What is cellular immunity?
The T-cells and other immune system cells that they interact with.
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What is humeral immunity?
B-cells, clonal selection and the producion of monoclonal antibodies
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What is the primary immune response?
Antigen enters the body for the first time it activates the immune system.
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Why is the primary immune response slow?
There aren't many B-cells that can make the antibody needed to bind to it.
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Why is the secondary immune response faster?
Memory B-cells are activated and divide into the correct type of T-cells to kill the cell carrying the antigen.
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What is the outer coating of protien called around a virus?
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