cells and organisms (part 1) 0.0 / 5 ? BiologyVariety of life and classificationIGCSEEdexcel Created by: sophie_kkCreated on: 15-11-19 18:01 life processes nutrition, respire, excrete,respond to stimuli, move, control their internal conditions, reproduce, grow and develop 1 of 36 levels of organisation organelle, cell, tissue, organ, system, organism 2 of 36 organelle structure within a cell that carries out a particular function eg nucleus, chloroplast, mitochondria 3 of 36 cell units that make up a living organism eg ovum, root hair cell, palisade cell 4 of 36 tissue collection of cells with similar structure and function eg ovarian, epidermis, muscle 5 of 36 organ collection of tissues that work together to perform a particular function eg ovary, leaf, root 6 of 36 system several organs working together eg reproductive, root system, endocrine 7 of 36 cytoplasm where chemical reactions occur - made of cellulose 8 of 36 nucleus controls the activities of the cell, and contains DNA 9 of 36 cell membrane forms a boundary between the cytoplasm of the cell and the outside - controls what goes in and out of the cell 10 of 36 cell wall made from cellulose and helps the cell to keep its shape 11 of 36 mitochondria site of respiration 12 of 36 chloroplasts site of photosynthesis, and absorb light energy 13 of 36 chlorophyll green pigment 14 of 36 ribosomes site of protein synthesis 15 of 36 vacuole changes size depending on the amount of water 16 of 36 what are the extra features of a plant cell? cell wall, vacuole, chloroplasts 17 of 36 digestive system digestive system 18 of 36 gas exchange system lungs, exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide 19 of 36 circulatory system heart and blood vessels, transport materials around the body 20 of 36 excretory system kidneys, filters toxic waste materials from blood 21 of 36 nervous system brain, spinal cord, nerves which coordinate the body's actions 22 of 36 endocrine system glands secreting hormones, which acts as chemical messengers 23 of 36 reproductive system produces sperm in males and eggs in females + allowing development of embryo 24 of 36 differentiation when a cell becomes specialised depending on where they are located in the embryo 25 of 36 how does differentiation occur? an embryo begins with stems cells that can develop to become any type of cell in the human body 26 of 36 do adults have stem cells? still have stem cells, but can only develop into a limited type eg bone marrow cells - red and white blood cells 27 of 36 nerve cell elongated axon for carrying out impulses 28 of 36 smooth muscle cell from wall of intestine elongated, contract to move food up the gut 29 of 36 xylem vessel in leaf dead, hollow cell with strengthening rings to carry water up stem 30 of 36 guard cells from surface of leaf special shape results in pore between cells for GE 31 of 36 ciliated epithelial cell cilia that move In unison - can move more mucus through the lungs with ease 32 of 36 red blood cell biconcave + no nucleus to carry more oxygen cells and carry more haemoglobin 33 of 36 stem cell therapy using stem cells to treat or prevent a disease, or to repair damaged tissues 34 of 36 embryonic stem cells found in the early stage of development of the embryo 35 of 36 disadvantage of using stem cells embryo is destroyed 36 of 36
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