a)carry electrical impulses around the body of an animal.
b) lots of dendrites to make connections to other nerve cells
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muscle cell
a) function
b) adaptation
a)contract and relax
b) striated muscle cells contain special proteins that slide over each other making the fibres contract.
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sperm cell
a) function
b) adaptation
a) contain genetic information from the male parent.
b) long tail whips from side to side to help move the sperm through water or the female reproductive system.
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root hair cell
a) function
b) adaptation
a) help plants take up water and mineral ions efficiently
b) increase their surface area available for water to move into the cell
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photosynthetic cell
a) function
b) adaptation
a) for photosynthesis
b)contain chloroplasts containing chlorophyll that trap the light needed for photosynthesis
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xylem cell
a) function
b) adaptation
a) transport tissue that carries water and mineral ions.
b) long hollow tubes that allow water/mineral ions to move easily.
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phloem cell
a) function
b) adaptation
a) transport tissue that carries the food made by photosynthesis
b) sieve plates allow water that carry dissolved food to move freely in the tubes.
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diffusion
spreading out of any particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, down a concentration gradient.
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osmosis
movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration
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active transport
substances absorbed against a concentration gradient - from a lower to a higher concentration
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3 stages of the cell cycle
1. cells grow, replicate ready for division, increase no. of subcellular structures.
2. mitosis
3. cytoplasm and cell membranes divide - form two identical daughter cells.
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stem cells
undifferentiated cells that can divide to produce more undifferentiated cells. these can then differentiate into a different type of cell , to become specialised for its job.
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