Cells- A level biology

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Describe how you could use cell fractionation to isolate chloroplasts from leaf tissue?( 3 marks)
1. How to break open cells and remove debris. 2. Solution is cold. 3. Solution is isotonic 4. Solution is buffered. 5. Second pellet is chloroplast.
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Name 2 structures in a eukaryotic cell that can not be identified using an optical microscope? (1 mark)
Mitochondrion/ ribosome/ endoplasmic reticulum/ lysosome/ cell surface membrane.
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What is the function of a mitochondrion?
Aerobic respiration
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What is the function of a chloroplast?
Photosynthesis
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What is the function of the golgi apparatus?
It processes and packages new lipids and proteins. It also makes lysosomes
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What is the function of the golgi vesicle?
It stores lipids and proteins made by the golgi apparatus and transports them out of the cell.
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What is the function of lysosomes?
Contains lysozymes which can be used to digest invading cells or to break down worn out components of the cell.
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What is the function of ribosomes?
It is the site where proteins are made.
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What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
It folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes.
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What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
It synthesises and processes lipids.
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What is the function of the cell wall?
It supports the cell and prevents them from changing shape.
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What is the function of the cell vacuole?
Helps to maintain pressure inside the cell and keep the cell rigid. This tops plants from wilting. Also involved in the isolation of unwanted chemicals inside the cell.
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A photograph was taken using a transmission electron microscope. The structure of the organelles visible in the photograph could not have been seen using an optical (light) microscope, explain why? (2 marks)
Optical microscope has a low resolution. The wavelength of light is too long.
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Mitosis is important in the life of an organism. Give 2 easons why?
1. Growth. 2. replace cells/repair tissue. 3. Genetically identical cells. 4. asexual reproduction/cloning.
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Describe and explain what happens during anaphase which ensures that 2 genetically identical cells are produced?
Sister/ identical chromatids seperate and move to opposite poles.
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What is meant by differentiation? (1 mark)
Cell becomes specialised/ Change to carry out a particular function
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Give 2 processes which occur during interphase that enable cell divison to occur?( 1 mark)
Increase in volume of cell/ DNA replication/ ATP synthesis.
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What are the differences between plant cells and animal cells?
Plant cells have a cellulose cell wall, a vacuole and chloroplasts.
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What is the difference between algal cells and plant cells?
Algal cells can be single celled or multicellular.
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What are the difference between fungal cells and plant cells?
Fungal cell walls are made of chitin, not cellulose. They do not have chloroplasts because they do not photosynthesise.
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Give 2 ways in which the structure of a bacterial cell is different from that of a eukaryotic cell?
Bacteria do not have a nucleus/ Bateria do not have mitochondria/ Bacteria have 70s smaller ribosomes/ Bacteria cells are smaller
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Pancreatic cells make and secrete hormones (made of protein) into the blood. From production to secretion, list in order 4 organelles involved in making hormones?
Ribosomes, RER, Golgi apparatus, Golgi vesicle, cell surface membrane. The RER transports proteins that have been made in the ribosomes to the golgi apparatus. At the golgi apparatus the proteins are packaged and sent in GV to be secreted at CSM.
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Explain how microvilli help in the absorption of substances from the small intestine?
They increase surface area for diffusion.
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Explain why the structure of a membrane is described as fluid-mosaic?( 2 marks)
Idea of molecules moving=Fluid. Idea of both proteins and phospholipids= Mosaic
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a. Describe a technique used to break open cells? b. Describe a technique used to seperate organelles?
a. Homogeniser b. Centrifuge
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A tissue was chopped in a cold, isotonic, buffered solution. Explain the reson for using these? (3 marks)
Cold-reduced enzyme action Isotonic- Stops osmotic effects buffered- Prevents damage to enzymes
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Explain how 3 features of a plasma membrane adapt it for its functions?
Phospholipid bilayer as a barrier and forms a barrier to water soluble/charged particles and allows non polasubstances to pass. Bilayer is fluid so can bend to take up different shapesfor phagocytosis. Channel proteins let charged substances through
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Describe the G1 phase after mitosis?
Cell grows and new organelles and proteins are made.
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Describe the synthesis phase (DNA replication)
Cell replicates its DNA, ready to divide by mitosis.
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Describe the G2 phase?
Cell keeps growing and proteins needed for cell division are made.
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Describe interphase?
The cell prepares to divide. The cells DNA is unravelled and replicated, to double its genetic content. The organelles are also replicated so it has spare ones, and its ATP content is increased
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Describe prophase?
The chromosomes condense, getting shorter and fatter. Centrioles start moving to opposite ends of the cell forming a spindle. The nuclear envelope brekas down and chromosomes lie free in the the cytoplasm.
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Describe metaphase?
The chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell and become attached to the spindle by their centromere.
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Describe anaphase?
The centromeres divide, separating each pair of sister chromatids to opposite poles (ends) of the spindle, centromere first. This makes the chromatids appear v-shaped.
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Describe telophase?
The chromatids reach the opposite poles on the spindle. They uncoil and become long and thin again. They are now called chromosomes again. A nuclear envelope formsso there are now 2 nuclei. The cytoplasm divides (cytokinesis).
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Name 2 structures in a eukaryotic cell that can not be identified using an optical microscope? (1 mark)

Back

Mitochondrion/ ribosome/ endoplasmic reticulum/ lysosome/ cell surface membrane.

Card 3

Front

What is the function of a mitochondrion?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is the function of a chloroplast?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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