Cells!

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  • Created by: Izzy2807
  • Created on: 20-11-19 13:42
What are the main features of prokaryotes?
Prokaryotes are smaller, have no nuclear membrane, have singular (circular) DNA, divide by binary fission, have no MB organelles, move via the flagellum,
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What are the main features of eukaryotes?
Eukaryotes are larger, have nuclear membranes, have double-stranded (linear) DNA, divide by mitosis, have MB organelles and also move by cilia on cell aswell as non-rotating flagella
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Non-disease causing and disease causing microbes are called what?
Normal flora and pathogens
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Name some common pathogens? What virus causes gastrointestinal issues?
HIV, TB, syphilis, thrush, malaria. Gastro: norovirus, e-coli, salmonelle
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How does faecal transplantation work?
By transferring faeces from one person to another, the balance of healthy/good gut bacteria is restored...it encourages bacteria growth
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What are the 3 ways disinfectants work?
Cell rupture, breaking the cell membrane and damaging internal structures. Denaturation of proteins and oxidisation which degrades the cell structure.
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What factors increase the efficiency of antibacterial hand soaps?
Temperature (KE), the number of microorganisms, the concentration of the disinfectant, the pH, relative humidity, bacterial resistance
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What are the 4 macromolecules?
Lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and protein
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What is the importance of protein?
Structure, transportation into and out of the cell, hormones (signal processes), enzymes, immunity,
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What is the importance of lipids?
Building-blocks for cell membranes, high energy store, steriods and important for exocytosis
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What is the importance of carbohydrates?
Source of energy, needed in respiration, part of the cell-surface membrane (cell-cell recognition)
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What is the importance of nucleic acids?
Monomers of DNA, essential for coding for proteins in the body
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What is the function of the nucleolus and nucleus?
Snythesizes ribosomes and site of transcription. Nucleus contains DNA, for protein production
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What is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
RER: has ribosomes for translation SER: produces lipids, phospholipids, steroids and cholesterol
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What is the function of ribosomes and lysosomes?
Ribs: site of translation (proteins). Lyso: contains hydrolytic enzymes that are involved in phagocytosis and the breakdown of non-functioning organelles
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What is the role of the mitochondria?
Site of aerobic respiration, creating ATP which is needed for many chemical reactions
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What is the function of the golgi apparatus?
Packages and processes proteins and glycoproteins into secretory vesicles for secretion, adds carbohydrates to proteins, produces lysosomes
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What is the role of the centrioles and microfilaments?
Involved in mitosis, send out spindle fibres that seperate the sister chromosomes. MicroFil: part of exoskeleton, provide structure and strength
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What is the role of the plasma membrane?
Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. Protects internal structures
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What organelles are abundant in liver cells?
mitochondria because it needs lots of energy for the biosynthesis of the carbs, FA, Trigly, cholest, phospho. Also SER:
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What adaptations do erythrocytes (RBCs) have?
Biconcave shape to increase SA:V. Flexible so can squeeze down narrow BVs. No nucleus to store maximum amount of O2. Thin outer membrane allow quick diffusion
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What features does the plasma membrane have?
Partially permeable. Hydrophobic FA tails, hydrophilic phospahte heads. Phospholipid bilayer. Carrier and channel proteins for FD. Aquaporins for osmosis. Cholesterol for strength
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What functions do proteins in the plasma membrane have?
Enzymes for reactions, channel and carrier for transport, receptors for hormones etc, adhesion, cell-cell recognition, cytoskeleton attachment (cyto to ECM)
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What factors effect the permeability of the plasma membrane?
Size of substance, charge (needs to be non-polar), concentration (gradient), hydrophobicility/lipophilicity
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What is symport?
Movement of molecules in ONE direction
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Why is the plasma membrane is impermeable to hydrophilic, polar and ionic compounds?
Hydrophilic: due to hydrophobic nature of PLB. Polar: phosphate heads polar too so repelled. Ions are polar so same applies
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Where would water move if the water was hypertonic, hypotonic or isotonic?
Hyper: out of the cell. Hypo: into the cell. Iso: both directions
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What is the Na/K pump and what does it achieve?
3 Na out, 2 K in...overall electronegative charge of cell. Active transport because Na expelled out of cell AGAINST concentration gradient
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What are the 4 main types of transport?
Facilitated diffusion, Osmosis, Simple Diffusion, Active Transport...ALSO FILTRATION
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What type of energy does FD, Os and SD use?
Kinetic. Filtration uses hydrostatic (pressure). PASSIVE, ALONG CONC. GRADIENT.
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What type of energy does AT, exo, endo and phagocytosis use?
Energy from the hydrolysis of ATP...AGAINST CG
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What are the main features of eukaryotes?

Back

Eukaryotes are larger, have nuclear membranes, have double-stranded (linear) DNA, divide by mitosis, have MB organelles and also move by cilia on cell aswell as non-rotating flagella

Card 3

Front

Non-disease causing and disease causing microbes are called what?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Name some common pathogens? What virus causes gastrointestinal issues?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

How does faecal transplantation work?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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