Cell Ultrastructure

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  • Created by: Camille
  • Created on: 02-03-13 12:58
What are the two basic cell types?
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
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What are the features of prokaryotic cells?
Do not have nuclei, do not have membrane bound organelles, most are extremely small, their DNA is not associated with any proteins and lies free in the cytoplasm, a cell wall is always present
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Are eukaryotic cells larger or smaller than prokaryotic cells?
Larger
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Do all eukaryotic cells have a cell wall?
No
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Describe mitochondrioa.
The inner of its two membranes is folded to form finger like projections called cristae. Mitochondria are the site of the later stages of aerobic respiration
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What are the finger-like projections in mitochondria called?
Cristae
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Describe the nucleus.
The nucleus is enclosed by an envelope composed of two membranes perforated by pores. The nucleus contains chromosomes and a nucleus. The DNA in the chromosomes contains genes that control the synthesis of proteins.
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Describe the role of the nucleolus.
Ribosomes are made in the nucleolus.
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Describe the nucleolus.
A dense body within the nucleus where ribosomes are made
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What is/are the difference/s between the rER and the sER?
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not have any attached ribosomes. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum makes lipids and steroids. The ribosomes attached to the outer surface of the rough ER make proteins.
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Describe the endoplasmic reticulum.
A system of interconnected membrane-bound, flattened sacs.
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What are ribosomes made of?
RNA and protein
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Describe ribosomes.
Ribosomes are made of RNA and protein and are small organelles found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis.
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What is the cell surface membrane?
The cell surface membrane is a phospholipid bilayer containing proteins and other molecules forming a partially permeable barrier.
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What is the role of the Golgi apparatus?
The Golgi apparatus modifies proteins and packages them in vesicles for transport.
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How is the Golgi apparatus formed?
By the fusion of vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum
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Describe the structure of the Golgi apparatus.
Stacks of flattened, membrane-bound sacs
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What is a lysosome?
Lysosomes are spherical sacs containing digestive enzymes and bound by a single membrane. Lysosomes are involved in the breakdown of unwanted structures and in the destruction of whole cells
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Name a specialised lysosome.
The acrosome
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Describe the structure of centrioles.
Centrioles are hollow cylinders made up of a ring of nine protein microtubules
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What is the role of centrioles?
Centrioles are involved in the formation of the spindle during nuclear division and in transport within the cell cytoplasm
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What three structures are involved in the movement of proteins through the cell?
The endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and vesicles
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Describe the stages of the production of proteins and their route through a cell.
Inside the nucleus there is the transcription of DNA to mRNA, which then leaves the nucleus through the nuclear envelope. Protein made on the ribosomes enter the rough ER. Protein moves through the ER asssuming a 3D shape. Vesicles from the rER fuse
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Card 2

Front

What are the features of prokaryotic cells?

Back

Do not have nuclei, do not have membrane bound organelles, most are extremely small, their DNA is not associated with any proteins and lies free in the cytoplasm, a cell wall is always present

Card 3

Front

Are eukaryotic cells larger or smaller than prokaryotic cells?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Do all eukaryotic cells have a cell wall?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Describe mitochondrioa.

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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