Cell specialisation

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Erythrocytes
These are red blood cells (RBCs). They are produced by stem cells in the bone marrow. Cells that become RBCs lose most of their organelles and are full of haemoglobin. They also have the shape of a biconcave disc to increase their surface area
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Neutrophils
These are a type of white blood cell. They are produced by stem cells in the bone marrow. Neutrophils have large numbers of lysosomes and other organelles to help them produce enzymes required for digestion
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Stem cells
Animal cells that are undifferentiated and have the ability to divide and develop into other specilised cell types. Can be totipotent, pluripotent or multipotent
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Meristem cells
Cells in plants that are capable of dividing and developing into other cell types. These are the only cells in plants that can divide
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Gametes
Sex cells. These cells are produced by meiosis and are therefore haploid and vary genetically
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Sperm Cell
An example of a haploid gamete. Has a long undulipodium (tail) and many mitochondria for movement. Contains a specialised lysosome called an acrosome.
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Root hair cell
Specialised cell found on the outside of roots in the epidermis. Cell has a long projection from the surface which greatly increases their surface area
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Tissue
A collection of cells that are similar in structure to each other and that perform a common function
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Organs
A collection of tissues working together to perform a particular function
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Xylem
A plant tissue made from xylem vessles with parenchyma cells and fibres. Vessels are long, hollow tubes made from dead cells. The walls are impregnated with lignin to waterproof them. Function is to transport water and dissolved minerals
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Phloem
Plant tissue made of sieve tubes and companion cells. Long cells joined end to end by sieve plates. Companion cells are found next to them and provide all the metabolic functions. Role is to transport sugars
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Squamous epithelial tissue
An animal tissue made up of flattened cells. Form a smooth, flat surface. Provides a lining tissue, that provides a short diffusion pathway
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Ciliated epithelial tissue
A lining tissue made up of colum shaped cells. Cells have cilia projecting from one surface which waft to move mucus.
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Guard cells
A pair of cells found on the lower epidermis of plant leaves that form a pore between them. The inner walls are strengthened with cellulose spirals. When water moves into the cells, the outer walls stretch, causing the cells to bend, opening the pore
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

These are a type of white blood cell. They are produced by stem cells in the bone marrow. Neutrophils have large numbers of lysosomes and other organelles to help them produce enzymes required for digestion

Back

Neutrophils

Card 3

Front

Animal cells that are undifferentiated and have the ability to divide and develop into other specilised cell types. Can be totipotent, pluripotent or multipotent

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Cells in plants that are capable of dividing and developing into other cell types. These are the only cells in plants that can divide

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Sex cells. These cells are produced by meiosis and are therefore haploid and vary genetically

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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