Cell structure notes

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what is the definition of magnification?
How much bigger an image appears compared to the original object
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What is the definition of resolution?
The ability to distinguish between two points
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What is the magnification of Light microscopes?
X2000
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What is the resolution of a light microscope?
200nm
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What are 4 advantages of light microscopes?
Cheap, easy to use, portable and you can study a live specimen
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What are 3 disadvantages of light microscopes?
limited resolution, lowest magnification, depth of field is restricted
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What is the magnification of SEM?
x200 000
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What is the resolution of SEM?
10nm
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What are the 3 advantages of SEM?
can give 3D images, sample can be any thickness and higher magnification than a light microscope
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What are the 3 disadvantages of SEM?
specimen must be dead, must be seen in a vacuum, need skill to use
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What is the magnification of TEM?
x 2 000 000
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What is the resolution of TEM?
0.2nm
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What are 3 advantages of TEM?
Highest magnification, best resolution and has the highest field of depth
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What are 3 disadvantages of TEM?
expensive, must be thin layer, images are black and white
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What are the 5 stages of how laser scanning microscopes work
1. Laser light is used to scan an object point by point 2. This image is displayed on a screen pixel by pixel 3. The images are high resolution and have high contrast 4. can focus on structure at different depths within a specimen 5. used in medicine
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What is the calculation involving magnification?
Image = actual x magnification
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What 5 stains are commonly used?
Methylene blue, iodine solution, acetic orcein, eosin and sudan red
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What are the 5 stages of observing stained specimens?
1. Fixing 2. processing 3. embedding 4. sectioning 5. staining
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what is a graticule used for?
The eyepiece graticule is an important part of the eyepiece that allows for measurements.
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What are the 9 steps of making and secreting a protein?
fill in blank
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Give 5 main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
1. dont have membrane bound organelles 2. less developed cytoskeleton 3. divide by binary fission 4. peptidoglycan cell wall 5. loops of DNA and plasmids.
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what is the structure of the rough ER?
system of cisternae covered in ribosomes
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what is the function of the rough ER?
ribosomes carry out protein synthesis; assembles amino acids into proteins and transports them to golgi apparatus
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what is the structure of the smooth ER?
system of cisternae with no ribosomes
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what is the function of the smooth ER?
contains enzymes that synthesise lipids; like hormones and cholesterol
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What is the structure of the golgi apparatus?
vesicles bring materials to and from the golgi apparatus?
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what is the function of the golgi apparatus?
protons are modified and then sent off in vesicles to the plasma membrane or to outside of the cell.
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what is the structure of the mitochondria?
Inner membrane is folded into cristae to increase surface area for enzymes for respiration. the inner part of the cristae is filled with matrix
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what is the function of the mitochondria?
site of aerobic respiration and ATP synthesis
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what is the structure of the ribosome?
made of protein and RNA
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what is the function of the ribosome?
assembles amino acids to make proteins
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what is the structure of the lysosome?
contains powerful digestive enzymes
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what is the function of the lysosome?
digests dead cells and destroys old parts of the cell
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what is the structure of the chloroplast?
double membtrane, stacks of thykaloids to form grana
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what is the function of the chloroplasts?
site of photosynthesis, converts solar energy to chemical energy
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what is the structure of the nucleus?
visible when stained
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what is the function of the nucleus?
contains genetic information in the form of DNA
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what is the structure of the nucleolus
dark area in nucleus
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what is the function of the nucleolus?
produces ribosomes
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what is the structure of the nuclear envelope?
ribosomes on the outer surface with pores for RNA to pass through
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What is the function of the nuclear envelope?
separates nucleus from cytoplasm
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what is the structure of the cytoskeleton microfilaments?
made of actin
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what is the function of the cytoskeleton microfilaments?
help to provide mechanical support for cells
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what is the structure of the cytoskeleton microfilaments?
forms spindle fibres, provides pathways to allow vesicles to move
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what is the structure of the cilia and undulipodia?
contains microtubules formed from centrioles
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what is the function of the cilia and undulipodia?
cilia have receptors and sensors. undulipodia allow sperm to propel
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what is the structure of the vacuole?
stacks containing cell sap
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what is the function of the vacuole?
keeps cells turgid
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what is the structure of the centrioles
two microtubules at right angles
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what is the function of centrioles?
forms spindle fibres
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what is the structure of the cellulose cell wall?
made from bundles of cellulose fibres
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what is the function of the cellulose cell wall?
maintains cell shape and causes the cell to stay turgid
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