Cell Structure

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  • Created by: Abi9ai1
  • Created on: 04-12-19 13:40
What are light microscopes used for?
To view living cells and tissues.
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What are the advantages of light microscopes?
You can view the specimen in colour and in real time.
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What are the disadvantages of light microscopes?
It has a low resolution (200nm) and a low magnification (x1500), therefore it is difficult to see the organelles of the cell.
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How do you calculate magnification of a light microscope?
Magnification of the eyepiece lens X magnification of the objective lens
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What are the 2 types of electron microscopes?
Transmission and scanning
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What is a transmission electron microscope?
They use electrons to produce 2D images of the inside of a cell.
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What is the maximum magnification of a transmission electron microscope?
X 2,000,000
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What is a scanning electron microscope?
They use electrons to produce 3D images of the outside surface of cells.
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What is the maximum magnification of a scanning electron microscope?
X 200,000
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What is an advantage of electron microscopes?
High magnification and high resolution (0.1nm).
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What are the disadvantages of electron microscopes?
You can only view dead specimens and it's in black and white.
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What is a laser scanning confocal microscope?
It uses lasers to produce images at difference depths within the cell.
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What are the advantages of laser scanning confocal microscopes?
You can view living cells in colour and real time. Sections can also be made through the cell either vertically or horizontally.
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What is a disadvantage of laser scanning confocal microscopes?
Magnification and resolution are low compared to electron microscopes.
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What is magnification?
The number of times greater the image is than the specimen.
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What is resolution?
The ability to distinguish between two points on an image. The higher the resolution, the sharper the image.
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What are the uses of staining?
To highlight a paticular organelle, to distinguish between different cell types and to distinguish different tissue types.
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How do you calculate magnification?
Image size / Actual size
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What are prokaryotic cell walls made of?
Peptidoglycan
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What is the function of the nucleus?
Contains the cell's DNA.
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What is the function of the nucleolus?
Makes RNA and ribosomes.
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What is the function of the nuclear envelope?
Surrounds the nucleus.
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What is the function of mitochondria?
Site of aerobic respiration.
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What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
Modifies proteins and packages them for transport.
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What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Contains ribosomes. Transports proteins made by ribosomes.
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What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Lipid synthesis.
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What is the function of ribosomes?
Protein synthesis.
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What is the function of chloroplasts?
Site of photosynthesis.
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What is the function of the plasma membrane?
Controls what enters and exits the cell.
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What is the function of the cellulose cell wall?
Supports the cell.
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What is the function of centrioles?
Part of cell division
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What is the function of lysosomes?
Break down waste materials in the cell.
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What is the function of cilia?
Movement of substances outside of the cells.
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What is the function of the flagella?
Movement of the whole cell.
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Diagram of animal cell.
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Diagram of plant cell
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Diagram of prokaryotic cell
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How is a protein produced?
A mRNA copy is made of the gene. It moves out of the nucleus to ribosomes on the RER. The ribosomes translate the mRNA and produce the protein. The protein travels through the RER and is packaged into a vesicle to travel to the Golgi apparatus.
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How is a protein secreated?
The Golgi body modifies the protein. The processed proteins are then packaged into vesicles and travel to the plasma membrane. The vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and the protein contents are released outside the cell (exocytosis).
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What is the cytoskeleton?
A network of fibres that run throughout the cell.
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What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
It supports the cell and gives it shape and structure. It is also involved in transport and movement.
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What are the 3 types of fibre in the cytoskeleton?
Microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments.
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What are the functions of microtubule motors?
They move up and down the cytoskeleton, carrying vesicles full of other proteins to dififferent areas of the cell, or for transport out of the cell.
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How does the cytoskeleton aid cell movement?
Some microtubules extend out from the cell's plasma membrane, where they form flagella or cilia.
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Arrangement of microtubules in flagella and cilia.
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Card 4

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Card 5

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