process where cells are broken up and the different organelles are separated out
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What must happen before cell fractionation takes place?
Tissue is cold to reduce enzyme activity. Isotonic - same concentration of chemicals. buffer solution to maintain pH.
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Explain the first step of cell fractionation?
Homogenation - cells broken up by a homogeniser. Releases the organelles from the cell. Resultant fluid known as the homogenate is filtered to remove any complete cells and large pieces of debris.
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What is Ultracentrifugation?
Process where fragments are separated in centrifuge. Spins at high speed creating a centrifugal.
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What is the order for Ultracetrifugation for animals?
Nuclei, Mitochondria, Lysosomes, Ribosomes
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What is the solution called after the first organelle is removed? (fluid at top)
Supernatant
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Describe the structure of the chloroplasts?
Chloroplast envelope - double membrane. Grana - stacks = granum - made up of thylakoids containing chlorophyll. Stroma - cytoplasm.
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what are the two different measurements for ribosomes?
80S (eukaryotic cells) and 70S (prokaryotic cells)
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Describe epithelial tissue?
Found in animals - lining surface of organs and often have protective function.
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Describe xylem?
Plants - transports water and ions throughout plant and gives mechanical support
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Examples of tissues in body?
Muscle to churn food. Epithelium to protect stomach wall. Connective tissue to hold tissues.
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