Cell Specialisation and Division Model Answers Revision

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  • Created by: ElishaG
  • Created on: 24-03-17 19:06
Explain what is meant by the term tissue.
A group of specialised cells of one or more types working together with a common function.
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Explain what is meant by the term organ.
A collection of different types of tissues working together with a common function.
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Describe how cells are organised in multi-cellular organisms.
1)Cells differentiate and become specialised.2)Groups of cells form tissues.3)Groups of tissues form organs.4)Groups of organs form organ systems.5)Groups of tissues/organs work together.
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State what is meant by the term stem cell.
A cell that is unspecialised that is capable of division by mitosis and is able to differentiate to become other cell types.
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Name a tissue in plants that contains stem cells.
1)Cambium.2)Meristem.3)Early embryonic cells.
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Where are meristematic cells found?
1)Just behind tip of root and shoot.2)In cambium.3)Pericycle.4)Vascular bundle.5)Bud.
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State processes that occur during interphase.
1)DNA replication.2)Checking of DNA for errors.3)Protein Synthesis.4)Replication of organelles.5)ATP production/respiration.6)Cell growth.
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Explain why the genetic material must be replicated before mitosis.
1)Cells are genetically identical and have the same DNA.2)So both daughter cells receive a full copy.
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Explain what is meant by a homologous pair of chromosomes.
1)One maternal, one paternal.2)Carry same genes.3)Carry same or may carry different alleles.4)Usually same length.5)Centimetre in same position.6)Same banding pattern.7)Pair up in meiosis to form a bivalent.
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Suggest how cell division in plants differs from cell division in animals.
1)Cell wall forms between new cells.2)Cytokinesis starts from middle of cell.3)Only occurs in meristem/cambium.4)No centrioles.
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Describe how the ultrastructure of a neurophil is specialised to enable it to perform its function.
1)Many lysosomes containing hydrolytic enzymes.2)Many microfilaments forming extensive cytoskeleton.3)Many ribosomes, lot of RER.4)Many mitochondria.5)Lots of golgi.6)Many receptor sites.
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State an adaptation of guard cells and explain how it allows the cell to carry out its function.
1)A vacuole.2)Take up water to become turgid.3)Cell wall thicker on one side.4)Causes cell to bend and opens stomata.5)Mitochondria.6)Generates ATP for active transport.
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Describe how the root epidermal cells are specialised to enable it to perform their function.
1)Cells have extensions/hairs.2)Thin cell wall.3)Large/increased surface area.4)Many more mitohchondria.5)Many carrier proteins in cell surface membrane.
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Describe cells produced by meiosis.
1)Chromosome number halved in daughter cells.2)Haploid cells produced.3)Produces genetically different cells.4)Due to crossing over in prophase I and Independent assortment.5)4 daughter cells.
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Describe cells produced by mitosis.
1)Chromosome number maintained in daughter cells.2)Cells produced contain same number of chromosomes as original cell.3)Produces genetically identical cells.4)2 cells produced.
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Describe the role of mitosis.
1)Makes cells.2)Creates genetically identical cells.3)Replacement of cells which are genetically identical-same function.4)Growth of tissues.5)Repair of tissues.6)Asexual reproduction.
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What are the stages of a mitotic cell cycle.
1)Interphase.2)Prophase.3)Metaphase.4)Anaphase.5)Telophase.6)Cytokinesis.
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Describe interphase.
1)G1=Biosynthesis/protein synthesis/transcription/organelles replicate.2)S=DNA replication.3)G2=Cell growth.
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Describe prophase.
1)Chromosomes condense-become visible.2)Chromosomes consist of two genetically identical sister chromatids.3)Joined by a centromere.4)Centrioles move to opposite poles.5)Centrioles form spindle fibres.
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Describe metaphase.
1)Chromosomes align at equator.2)Attach to spindle fibres by centromeres.
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Describe anaphase.
1)Centromeres split.2)Sister chromatids separate.3)Move to opposite poles by shortening of spindle fibres.
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Describe telophase.
1)Chromosomes uncoil.2)Nuclear envelope reforms.
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What are the stages of the meiotic cell cycle?
1)Interphase I.2)Prophase I.3)Metaphase I.4)Anaphase I.5)Telophase I.6)Interphase II.7)Prophase II.8)Metaphase II.9)Anaphase II.10)Telophase II.11)Cytokinesis,
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Describe Interphase I.
1)G1=Biosynthesis/Protein Synthesis/Transcription/formation of mRNA/organelles replicate.2)S= DNA replication.3)G2=Cell growth.
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Describe Prophase I.
1)Chromosomes condense-become visible.2)Consist of two genetically identical sister chromatids- by a centromere.4)Homologous pair form bivalent.5)Crossing over of non-sister chromatids occurs.6)New allele combination.7)Centrioles to opposite poles.8)
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Describe Metaphase I.
1)Bivalents align at equator.2)Independent assortment occurs.3)Attach to spindle fibres by centromeres.
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Describe Anaphase I.
1)Centromeres split.2)Homologous chromosomes separate.3)Move to opposite poles-shortening of spindle fibres.
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Describe prophase II.
1)Centrioles move to opposite poles at right angles to Prophase I.2)Centrioles form spindle fibres.
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Describe metaphase II.
1)Chromosomes align at equator.2)Independent assortment of chromatids- attach to spindle fibres by centimeters.
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Describe anaphase II.
1)Centrimeres split.2)Sister Chromatids separate- opposite poles,shortening of spindle fibres.
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Describe telophase II.
1)Chromosomes uncoil.2)Nuclear envelope reforms.
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Explain what is meant by the term organ.

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A collection of different types of tissues working together with a common function.

Card 3

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Describe how cells are organised in multi-cellular organisms.

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Card 4

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State what is meant by the term stem cell.

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Card 5

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Name a tissue in plants that contains stem cells.

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