cell recognition and the immune system

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what WBC carries out phagocytosis
phagocytes
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how does phagocytosis work
Pathogens act as attractants causing phagocytes to move towards them, phagocyte receptors attach to pathogen,engulfs it to form phagosome,lysosomes then produce lysozymes which hydrolyse the pathogen, soluble products absorbed into cytoplasm
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what are antigens
proteins found on the cell surface membrane of invading cells
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where do B cells mature
in the bone marrow
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where do T cells mature
In the thymus
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how can T cells distinguish normal cells to abnormal cells
phagocytes will often show the pathogens antigens of their cell surface membrane,cancer cells will often present antigens on their cell surface membrane.
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what is a cell mediated response
It is where T lymphocytes only respond to antigens that are presented on a body cell
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how does a cell mediated response work
pathogens engulfed by phagocytes, phagocyte places antigens from the pathogen on its cell surface membrane, T helper cells bind to these antigens, this causes T cells to divide rapidly and form identical clones,
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what do cloned T cells create
memory cells, stimulate phagocytes to engulf pathogens, stimulates B cells to divide, activate cytotoxic t cells
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how do cytotoxic t cells kill infected cells
produce a protein called perforin that makes holes in the cell surface membrane meaning the cell dies
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what is the role of plasma cells
secrete antibodies usually into blood plasma which leads to the destruction of the antigen
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what is the role of memory cells
Do not produce antibodies but circulate in the body until they encounter the antigen again . they create long term immunity
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how does humoral immunity work
surface antigens of invading pathogens taken up by B cells,B cell processes the antigens and presents them on its surface, helper t cells attach activating b cells,b cells divide by mitosis, cloned plasma produce antibody which destroys antigen.
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what are the four polypeptide chains of antibodies
heavy chains,light chains, constant raegion, variable region
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what is the complex called when antibodies bind to an antigen
antigen-antibody complex
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how do antibodies lead to the destruction of antigens
cause agglutination making kit easier for phagocytes to locate them,, stimulate phagocytes to engulf bacterial cells.
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what is a monoclonal antibody
Its an antibody produced by a single B cell to form many molecules
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how can monoclonal antibodies be used to treat cancer cells
They attach to the surface of cancer cells and block the chemical signals which stimulate their uncontrolled growth.
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How does a pregnancy testing kit allow someone to know if they are pregnant
Placenta produces human chorionic gonadatrophin(hCG) monoclonal antibodies on the ***** then binds to hcg, this form hcg-antibody complex this should then give a coloured line
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how are monoclonal antiboides produced
mouse exposed to non self material, B cells in mouse then produce a mixture of antibodies, b cells then mix with cancer cells,detergent then used to break cell surface membranes,produces hybridoma cells,each cell forms a clone
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what is passive immunity
produced by antibodies from an outside source, immunity acquired immediately
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what is the outside of the hiv virus called
lipid envelope
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what is the protein layer that surrounds the RNA strands
capsid
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what is the enzyme called that reverses DNA from RNA
reverse transcriptase
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How does the hiv replicate
HIV enters the bloodstream, binds to protein called CD4, the protein capsid then fuses with the cell surface membrane The RNA and enzymes then enter the cell,HIVs reverse transcriptase converts the RNA to DNA. Hiv DNA then creates mRNA makes proteins
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Card 2

Front

how does phagocytosis work

Back

Pathogens act as attractants causing phagocytes to move towards them, phagocyte receptors attach to pathogen,engulfs it to form phagosome,lysosomes then produce lysozymes which hydrolyse the pathogen, soluble products absorbed into cytoplasm

Card 3

Front

what are antigens

Back

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Card 4

Front

where do B cells mature

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

where do T cells mature

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