The highly ordered sequence of events that take place in a cell, resulting in the division of the nucleus and the formation of 2 genetically identical daughter cells
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Homologous Chromsomes
Matching chromosomes containing the same genes at the same place ( they may contain different alleles)
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Chromatids
Replicates of chromosomes held together by the centromere
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Centromere
Structure that holds two chromatids together
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Centrosome
An organelle involved in the nuclear membrane. It helps to organise the microtubules of the cytoskeleton
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Centriole
Paired structures that are found outside the nucleus. They help to formulate and organise spindle fibres
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Independent Assortment
The random arrangement of homologous chromosomes that leads to variation
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Crossing Over
When two non-sister chromatids cross over each other
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Bivalents
2 chromosomes lined up, next to each other with their sister chromatids crossing over each other
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Chiasma (Plural is chiasmata)
When crossing over causes the exchange of DNA
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Diploid number
Full number of chromosomes-homologous pairs of chromosomes
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Haploid number
Half the number of chromosomes found in gametes
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Differentiation
The process by which the daughters of stem cells become specialised into different types of cell
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Mersistem
An area of undifferentiated plant cells that can divide by mitosis and differentiate into a range of plant cell types
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Cambium
Source of undifferentiated cells in the vascular bundle of plants ( Differentiate into xylem and phloem)
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Tissue
A group of specialised cells that work together to perform a specific function/s
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Organ
Collection of tissues that work together to perform a specific function/ set of functions
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Organ system
A number of organs working together to carry out a life function
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Extracellular matrix
The non-cellular portion of a tissue produced and secreted by cells and mainly for providing support
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Basement membrane
A matrix of extracellular proteins and glycoproteins on which a tissue may be separated from another tissue
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Totipotent
Can differentiate into any type of cell and form a whole organism by cell division and differentiation. For example zygote, or cells from an 8 cell embryo. They are also able to form the placenta and umbilical cord
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Pluripotent
Can differentiate into any cell type but not an embryo. Can form all tissue types but cannot form a whole organism. Present in early embryo’s.
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Multipotent
These cells can only form a range of cells within a certain type of tissue. For example hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrows
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Matching chromosomes containing the same genes at the same place ( they may contain different alleles)
Back
Homologous Chromsomes
Card 3
Front
Replicates of chromosomes held together by the centromere
Back
Card 4
Front
Structure that holds two chromatids together
Back
Card 5
Front
An organelle involved in the nuclear membrane. It helps to organise the microtubules of the cytoskeleton
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