Cardiovascular system

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  • Created by: Louisa
  • Created on: 11-10-19 17:27
Vessels are designed for (4)
COnductance, resistance, exhange, capacitance
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what is angiogenesis
the formation of new blood vessels
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What are th three layers in arteries and veins
Tunica adventitia, tunica media, tunica intima
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Tunica adventitia
outerlayer, collagen fibres = supportive
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Tunica media
MIddle layer, smooth muscles, elastic tissue, and collagen
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tunica initma
Inner layer - endothelial cells and supported by elastic fibres
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Function of arteries
Strong, elastic vessels that carry blood away from the heart
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Functions of veins
Collect blood from all tissues and organs, returning it to the heart
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Venules are based on what size
50um, based on capillary
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medium sized and are comparable with
2-9mm , muscualr arteries, thin tunica media, and poorly developed
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Large include what vessels
venae cava and thick tunica externa
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where are metarterioles found connecting to
directly to venules
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Capillaries do what?
allow exchange between blood adn surrounding interstital fluid
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capillaries are an extension of waht
the tunica intima
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Permeability depends on
tissue function, skeletal muscle and smooth have small openings, large organs have wide openings
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What are sinusoids
Some capillaries have openings into cavities called sinusoids
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Veins have
semi lunar valves and a skeletal muscle pump
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what are anastomoses
where 2 blood vessels merge
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the artiovenous shunt
artery flows directing into the vein e.g. in the finger
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Venous anastomsis
most common type, alternate drainage of organs
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Arterial anastomsis
2 arteries merge and collateral circulation
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Peripheral oedema
Presence of palpable swelling, resultinf rom an increase in hydrostatic pressure. augmenting the interstital fluid i nthe tissues in he extremeties
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Hypertension is defined as
the level of blood pressure above which therapeutic intervention is required in order to reduce the risk of CVD
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Major risk factors
cerebrovascular disease, myocardial infaraction, heart failure, perpheral vascular disease, renal failure
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Types of hypertension
Primary, secondary and malignant
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Primary characteristed by bp
Being over 140/90, reduced diameter of the lumen, and icrease in peripheral resistance
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This reduces the capacity of
vascular network and increase in diastolic pressure
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Secondary cuases
renal failure and adrenal tumours
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Malignant
uncontrollable, severve hypertension
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What is RAAS
Renin-angiotensis-aldosterone system
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Raas is pivotal in
long term BP CONTROL
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responsible for
maintain sodium balance, conrol of blood volume and control of blood pressure
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Factors affecting blood flow in the arteries and veins
Pressure, resistance, viscosity and turbulence
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what is athrosclerosis
Accumulation of fattymaterial, such as cholesterol along side inner walls of the arteries
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An atheroma forms from
fatty deposits and it calcifies and hardens forming a plaque
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the atheromatous plaque inflitrates the wall arterial wall and
decreases its elascity
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the lpaque also leads to
narrowing of the arterial lumen affecting blood flow
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Acute coronary sydrome includes
Any clinical symptom consisten with acute myocardial ischaemia
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three categoresof acute coronary sydrome
unstable angina, non stemi, and stemi
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define blood pressure
the force in which the blood is exerted on the wallsof the blood vessels
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arterial blood pressure rise when
ventricle contract
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arterial blood pressure falls when
ventricles relax
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systolic pressure
maximum pressure
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diastolic presure
minimum pressure
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Pulrse is the
expanding and recoiling of the arterial wall that can be palpated aginast the bone
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what pulses can we check
carotid, facial, temporal, brachial, radial, femoral, popliteal, dorsalis pedis, posterior tibial
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factors that influence blood pressure
blood volume increase, heart rate increases, stroke volume increases, blood viscosity increases, peripheral resistance increases
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how to calculate blood pressure
cardiac output * peripheral resistance
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how to calculate cardiac output
stroke volume * heart rate
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what is the central venous pressure
the pressure within the right atrium due to the return on the peripheral blood
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what are major veins
coronary sinus, superior vena cava, and inferor vena cava
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where would you find the coronary sinus
In the heart
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where would you find the superior vena cava
head, neck, thorax and upper limbs
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where would you find the inferior vena cava
abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs
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type of veins
superficial, deep, and sinuses
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blood is supplied to- pulmonary trunk
arise form right ventricle
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pulmonary arteries
branches off trunk and project to lungs
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pulmonary veins
exit each lung and enter left atrium
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types of control of blood flow by tissues
local control, nervous control and hormonal control
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local control
is most tissues, and blood flow is proportional to metabolic needs of the tissue
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Nervous control
responsible for routing blood flow and maintaining pressure
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hormonal control
sympatheitic action potentials stimulate adrenaline and noradrenaline
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blood flow control by tissues involves
smooht muscles relaxes and contracts in precappilary sphincter
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blood flow by nervous systems in controlled by
vasomotor centre in medulla oblongata
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the volume of blood pumped through the heart changes on accordance to
cellualar requirements
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cellualar requirements include
physial exercise, stress, body temp, variations in ion conc, including potassium and sodium
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INfluences on SA and ANS
rate of inpulse generation, speed of depolarisation, speed of repolarisation, strength of contraction
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the Sa node funcitons... but is triggered by the ...
independently but the autonomic nervous system (ANS) secretes adrenaline to influence this
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what is the flight or fight repsonse
the body prepares it self physically to either run or fight
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sympathetic stimulation increases
heart rate by enhancing myocardial performance
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the stimualtion results in a release of
adrenaline and noradrenaline
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this release is stimulated by the interaction of
Beta- adrenegic receptors on cell membranes increasing contractibility
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the sympathetic nerves oginates from the
thoracic spinal cord and branches to the superior, middle and inferior cardiac nerves
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parasympatheitc stimulations orginates from
the medulla oblongataand from vagus nerves to SA and Av nodes
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an increase in action potentials from the medullar oblongata results in a
slower heart rate
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the cardiac break, the PSNS realeases
Acetylcholing
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ACh receptors are located in
Myocardium and coronary vein`
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What are the 4 types on adrenergic receptors
Alpha A1 A2 Beta B1 B2
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A1
coronaey arteries
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A2
Peripheries and nerve terminals
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B1
Cardiac conduction system, myocardium
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B2
most abundant in coronary arteries
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the baroreceptor reflex maintains
the balance between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system
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the stretch receptors are located in the
Right atrium
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if venous pressure increases
dectected and receptors send signs to the cardiaacelerater entre
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Sympathetic impulses relay to
the heart
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Heart rate and force of contraction
increases reducing venous pressure
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action potenitals are generated approx ... per minutes`and travel acrcoss atrium due to
75, cell specialisation in AV node
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Fibrous skeleton prevents
direct transmission to ventricular annulus fibrosus
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Symtoms of heart disease
chest pain, breathlessness, palpitations, syncope, fatigue, peripheral oedema
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Cardiovasucular disease risk factors
Diet, smoking, blood congulation factors, obesity, heavy alcohol, lack of exercise, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia
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4 main risk factors toendothelial injury
Hypertenison, smoking, diabetes mellitus, high alcohol intake
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heart failure is defined as
inability of the heart to function effectively as a pump. and unable to effectively perfuse end organs
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results from a
structural or functional disorder
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what is dyspnoea
result due to oedema of pulmonary interstitium and alveoli. accumulation of fluid in the air sacs in the lungs
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elastic arteries have a large = low . they also expand and recoil = . they are relatively inactive in
large lumen = low resistance, propel blood, and inactive in vascontriction
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muscualr arteries deliver blood to.. and are active in
deliver to specific organs, active in vasocontriction
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the diameter of the arteriole is determined by
blood flow
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what is ventricular systoles
ventrilces empty with blood
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what is ventricular distoles
ventricle fill with blood
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average cardiac output for female and male at rest
5.0 and 5.5 L per min
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what 4 factors affect stroke volume
preload, afterload, contractibility, control of heart rate
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preload
volof blood in heart at the end of diastole
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afterload
resistance that the ventricle have to work against in the circulation outside the heart
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contractibility
strength of contraction of the myocardium
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control of heart rate
autonomic nerve control of the SAN, influence of exercise, temp pH, pain, gender, age, emotions
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in PQRST what is p
atrial depolaristaion, signalling atria contraction
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what is QRS
ventricle depolarisation, signalling ventricles contractration
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what is t
ventricular repolarisation
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what is the endocardium
lining of heart and valves, smooth membrane, flattened epithelial cells continuous wih that of the blood vessels
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coronary arteries
supplies the myocardium with a constant supply of blood and therefore a cosntant supple of O2
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the pericardium is what
a membrane enclosing the heart, consisting of an outer fibrous layer and inner double layer of serous membrane
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function of the percaridum (4)
lubriacates moving surfaces of the heart, prevents ventricle over expanding, holds heart in place, barrier to prevent spread of infection and cancer cells
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Myocardium is the
heart muscle, consists of myocytes
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where does the heart lie
behind the sternum and rib cage at lower 2/3 of the ribcage
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the heart sits on the long axis of the body with
1/3 on one side and2/3 on the other side
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defib pads go on the
long axis of the heart
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muscle response
automaticity, excitability, conductivity, and contractility
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automaticity
ability to initiate a repose spontaneously
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excitability
ability to respond to a stimulus
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conductivity
ability to transmit an impuls from one cell to another
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contractility
ability to contract after an eletrical stimuls
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myocardium muscle contract due to an
electrical impulse which leads to depolarisation and repolarisation across the myocardium cell membrane
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what electrolytes are involved in this process
sodium, potassium, calcium are involved in this process
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what sydromes are associated with heart defects
downs, turners, william, noonan
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what is angiogenesis

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the formation of new blood vessels

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Card 4

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Card 5

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