Cardiovascular and Respiratory System

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What is the pulmonary circuit?
Circulation of blood throughout the pulmonary arteries to the lungs and pulmonary veins back to the heart
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What is the systematic system?
Circulation of blood through the aorta to the body and vena cave back to the heart
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What path does deoxygenated blood take from the body to the lungs?
Vena cava- Right atrium- Tricuspid valve- Right ventricle- Semi lunar valve- Pulmonary artery
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What path does oxygenated blood take from the lungs back to the body?
Pulmonary vein- Left atrium- Bicuspid valve- Left ventricle- Semi lunar valve- Aorta
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Why does the left side of the heart have thicker muscular wall that the right?
This allows the heart to forcefully contract to circulate the oxygenated blood through the systematic system to the muscles and organs
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What are the 5 distinct stages of the conduction system?
SA node, AV node, Bundle of his, Bundle of branches, Purkinjie fibres
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What occurs at the SA node?
Electrical impulses are generated causing the atria walls to contract
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What happens at the AV node?
this collects the impulse from the SA node and delays it for 0.1 seconds to allow the atria to finish contracting
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Describe what happens at the Bundle of his?
This is located in the septum and splits the impulse in two ready to be distributed to the bundle of branches
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What do the Bundle of Branches do?
Carry the impulse to the base of each ventricle
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What happens at the Purkinjie Fibres?
These distribute the impulse through the ventricle walls causing them to contract
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Explain what happens in the Diastole stage of the cardiac cycle
Relaxation of the atria and ventricles means there is a lower pressure within the heart, Blood then passively flows through the atria and into the ventricles, AV valves are open these allow the blood to move freely from the atria to the ventricles
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What happens during Atrial systole?
Atria contract, forcing the blood into the ventricles
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What happens during Ventricular systole?
Ventricles contract, AV valves close, Semilunar valves open, Blood is pushed out of the ventricles and into the large arteries leaving the heart
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Define heart rate
The number of times the heart beats per minute
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Define stroke volume
The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat
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Define cardiac output
The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute
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Define bradycardia
A resting heart rate below 60bpm
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How does HR response differ during sub-max and maximal exercise?
During submax HR plateus
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How is SV able to increase during exercise?
Increase venous return, The frank-starling mechanism
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What is the Frank-Starlin mechanism?
Increase venous return leads to increase SV, due to an increased stretch of the ventricular walls and therefore force of contraction
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What mechanisms aid venous return?
Muscle pump, Respiratory pump, Pocket valves, Gravity, Smooth muscle
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What occurs to HR, SV and CO during recovery?
SV is maintained during the early stages of recovery as HR rapidly decreases. This maintains the blood flow and aids the removal of waste. Co has a rapid decrease followed by a slower decrease to resting levels
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How is heart rate regulated during exercise?
Neural control, Intrinsic control, and hormonal control
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What is the CCC responsible for?
Determining the firing of the SA node, Regulating HR via the sympathetic nervous system (increasing HR) and the Parasympathetic nervous system (decreasing HR)
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What 3 factors aid neural control?
Proprioceptors (inform of increased movement) Chemoreceptors (detect decrease in blood pH due to increase in lactic acid) Baroreceptors (inform of increased blood pressure)
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What factors aid intrinsic control?
Temperature (Changes will affect the blood viscosity and speed of nerve impulse transmission) Venous return (Changes will affect stretch in the ventricle walls, force of contraction and therefore SV)
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Describe Hormonal control
Adrenaline and Noradrenaline are released from adrenaline glands to increase SV and HR
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What is the job of arteries?
Carry oxygenated blood from heart to muscles and organs, Contain blood under high pressure, Have large layer of smooth muscle and elastic tissue which can vasodilate/constrict regulating blood flow
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What is the job f the capillaries?
Have walls one cell thick, gaseous exchange occurs here, oxygen passes through the walls into the tissues and carbon dioxide passes from tissue into the blood
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What are the veins?
Carry deoxygenated blood from muscles and organs back to the heart, small layer of smooth muscle allowing them to vasodilate/constrict, contain blood under low pressure, have one way pocket valves to prevent blood flowing backwards against gravity
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Describe vascular shunt mechanism
Blood is diverted away from non-essential organs during exercise as the working muscles demand more oxygen
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What happens during vascular shunt at rest?
Arterioles to organs vasodilate and those to muscles constrict. Pre-capillary sphincters vasodilate, opening capillary beds to allow more blood flow to organ cells
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Describe the vascular shot mechanism during exercise?
arteriole to organs- constrict, those to muscles dilate. Pre-capillary sphincters constrict decreasing blood flow to the organ cells, those of capillary beds of muscles dilate
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What is the Vasomotor control centre responsible for?
altering the level of stimulation sent to the arteries and pre-capillary sphincters at different sites on the body
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Where does the VCC receive information from?
Chemoreceptors, BAroreceptors
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What are the two main functions of the respiratory system?
Pulmonary ventilation, Gaseous exchange
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Describe gaseous exchange
External respiration (Exchange ox and carbon di between lungs and blood) and internal respiration (Exchange between blood and muscle tissues)
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How is oxygen transported in the body?
97% within haemoglobin, 3% within plasma
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How is carbon dioxide transported in the body?
90% dissolved in water, 23% within haemoglobin, 7% dissolved in blood plasma
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Define breathing rate
The number of inspirations/ expirations per minute
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Define tidal volume
The volume of air inspired or expired per breath
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Define Minute ventilation
Volume of air inspired or expired per minute
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What happens to breathing rate, tidal volume during exercise?
Breathing rate- Increases proportionally to exercise. Tidal volume- Initially increases proportionally to exercise intensity at sub-max until approx 3 litres.
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Describe inspiration at rest
ACTIVE PROCESS, external intercostals between ribs contract pulling chest walls up and out. Diaphragm muscles below the lungs contract and flatten increasing chest size
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Why is inspiration during exercise an active process?
In addition to external intercostals more muscles (Sternocleidomastoid and pectorals minor) are recruited
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What are the mechanics of expiration at rest?
External intercostals relax so the chest walls move in and down, Diaphragm muscles below lungs relaxes and bulges up reducing chest size
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What extra muscles are recruited during expiration while exercising?
Internal intercostals and the rectus abdominus
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What is the job of the inspiration centre?
IC stimulates inspiratory muscles to contract at rest and during exercise
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What is the job of the expiration centre?
EC is inactive at rest, but will stimulate additional expiratory muscles to contract during exercise
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Describe respiratory regulation at rest
The IC is responsible for the rhythmic cycle of breathing. Nerve impulses stimulate the inspiratory muscles casing them to contract via the intercostal nerve to the external intercostal and the phrenic nerve to the diaphragm
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The chemoreceptors aid the chemical control of respiratory regulation how?
They are located in the aorta and carted arteries, detecting change in blood acidity, increases in oxygen and carbon dioxide
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Where does the RCC receive information from to aid respiratory regulation during exercise?
Chemical control (Chemoreceptors), Neural control (Thermo/Proprio/Baroreceptors)
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What is meant by diffusion and the diffusion gradient?
Diffusion occurs during gaseous exchange and is the movement of gas from high to low pressure. The difference between high and low is called the diffusion gradient, the higher the gradient the larger the diffusion that takes place
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What is the oxyhaemoglobin disassociation curve?
A graph showing the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and the percentage saturation of haemoglobin
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What is the Bohr shift?
a move in the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve to the right caused by increased acidity in the blood stream
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What are the effects of the Bohr shift?
1, increase in blood and muscle temperature 2, increase in PP od carbon dioxide 3, increase in production of lactic and carbonic acid
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What is the Bohr shifts impact on performance?
The percentage of saturation of oxyhaemoglobin is far lower and therefore more dissociation of oxygen to respiring tissue is greater, enhancing the volume of oxygen avaliblke for diffusion and therefore aerobic energy production for exercise
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is the systematic system?

Back

Circulation of blood through the aorta to the body and vena cave back to the heart

Card 3

Front

What path does deoxygenated blood take from the body to the lungs?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What path does oxygenated blood take from the lungs back to the body?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Why does the left side of the heart have thicker muscular wall that the right?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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