Cardiovascular
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- Created by: SamDavies
- Created on: 08-04-19 19:10
Which substances are tonically released by the endothelium causing vasodilation?
NO and prostaglandins
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What is the function of NO and PGs besides being tonic vasodilators?
Antiatherosclerotic by inhibiting platelet, RBC and neutrophil adherence to endothelium
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Does increasing shear stress increase or decrease PG and NO release?
Increase
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Where is the ABP determined for the circulation?
Elastic arteries
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How is pressure through the peripheral blood vessels kept high during diastole?
Elastic recoil
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How is pulse pressure measured?
SP-DP
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How is mean ABP measured?
DP + 1/3 (SP-DP)
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What is the equation for mean ABP?
CO x TPR
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What is the pressure reached just before the aortic valve opens?
Diastolic pressure
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Which component does the aorta lose with age, causing it to become stiffer (less stretch + less recoil)?
Elastin
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What happens to systolic and diastolic pressure with healthy aging as a result of reduced elasticity?
SP increases and DP decreases
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Which blood vessels determine and regulate TPR?
Arterioles
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What do elastic arteries convert?
Intermittent flow from the heart to continuous flow
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What type of flow is in capillaries?
Intermittent flow
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What causes rate of diffusion to increase?
Arteriolar dilation
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What does filtration (the process by which fluid moves across the capillary endothelium) depend on?
Both
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What is the capillary hydrostatic pressure on the arteriolar end and venule end pf the capillary?
Arteriolar 35mmHg and venule 15mmHg
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What is the tissue hydrostatic pressure?
0 mmHg
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What is the oncotic pressure within the capillary?
25mmHg
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What is the tissue oncotic pressure?
2-3mmHg
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What does the overall oncotic pressure do in capillaries?
Pull water in
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What does the overall hydrostatic pressure do in capillaries?
Push water out
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What does arteriolar dilatation cause in capillaries?
Net fluid out in interstitial space > net fluid into capillaries
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What would an increase in capillary oncotic pressure cause?
Net fluid in > net fluid out
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Which substance eventually causes a resistance in stretch after allowing veins to become circular, thereby allowing an increase in pressure with increased blood flow?
Collagen
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What happens during standing?
Central venous pressure is decreased
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What happens in impaired ventricular contraction (e.g. heart failure) where the ventricles are distended with blood causing some to back up to the central veins?
Central venous pressure is increased
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How does the sympathetic noradrenergic fibres affect CVP?
CVP increases (due to venoconstriction)
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How does the skeletal muscle pump affect CVP?
CVP increases
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How does the respiratory pump affect CVP?
CVP increases
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Where are baroreceptors not found?
Hepatocytes
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Where are volume stretch receptors found?
Right atrium
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Which nerve is associated with the volume stretch receptors?
Vagus
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How long does it take for the volume stretch receptors to have an impact on the production of urine (and blood volume)?
30 minutes
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What happens to volume receptor sensitivity in those with heart failure or renal failure?
Reduced
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Arteries have a reservoir function due to their high capacitance (capacity to distend readily to store a high volume of blood even at a low pressure). True or false?
False
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Venous vessels can accommodate a great increase in volume with very little change in pressure. True or false?
True
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What happens to the 'set point' of the baroreceptor and volume receptor reflexes in those with essential hypertension and/or heart failure?
It is higher
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What is exercise hyperaemia?
Vasoconstriction occurs in splanchnic circulation and vasodilation in exercising muscles
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What is a type of chemoreceptor found in skeletal muscle which responds to an increase in metabolic products and stimulates a response to exercise?
Metaboreceptors
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What is the usual value for end-diastolic volume?
120ml
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What is the usual value for end-systolic volume?
50ml
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What is the function of NO and PGs besides being tonic vasodilators?
Back
Antiatherosclerotic by inhibiting platelet, RBC and neutrophil adherence to endothelium
Card 3
Front
Does increasing shear stress increase or decrease PG and NO release?
Back
Card 4
Front
Where is the ABP determined for the circulation?
Back
Card 5
Front
How is pressure through the peripheral blood vessels kept high during diastole?
Back
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