Ventiricular gallop; just after S2 due to blood hitting ventricle wall. can be normal in athletes, pregnancy, kids or elderly, associated with congestive cardiac failure eg less ventricular compliance
3 of 22
S4?
Atrial gallop; just after S1 during late diastole. caused by atria forcing blood into left ventricle which is often thickened due to hypertensive changes or aortic stenosis
4 of 22
Aortic stenosis
mid systolic murmur, most serious valve pathology caused by calcification of the aortic valve
5 of 22
Murmur?
turbulent flow through a valve (whooshing sound)
6 of 22
ACS
reduced blood flow to the heart due to plaque. unstable angina/MI. CP,JP,BP,AP,SOB,diaphoresis - give aspirin/GTN --- to PPCI
narrowing/swollen airways, wheezing crackles SOB tightness, inability to exhale. peak flow/salbutomol
12 of 22
Pneumonia
inflammation of alveoli puss/fluid, CP flemmy cough SOB N+V low body temp.. oxygen
13 of 22
Cardiogenic pulmonary oedema
raised pressure in heart, fluid in lungs from lung disease, can be due to pneumonia. wheezing SOB crackles worse lying download and clammy blood in sputum
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