Cardiac disorders

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  • Created by: Cal1234
  • Created on: 10-04-19 10:57
What is systole
contraction of the heart
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what is diastole
relaxation of the heart
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What is the lub of a heart sound
closing AV
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what is the dub of a heart sound
flow prior to closing of aortic/pulomary valves
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what is a murmur
sound of abnormal blood flow, classified by timing and grade (1-6)
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What are the three causes of murmurs
heart disease - abnormal flow/resistance in heart and vessels, flow murmurs - physiological/innocent murmurs, changes in blood consistency - anaemia, over hydration, high BP - hyperthyroidism
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What is heart disease
an abnormality of cardiac structure or function
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what is heart failure
clinical signs of circulatory failure.
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what is forward/output failure
inability to pump blood to organs, usually in acute cases, often leads to congestive failure
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what is backwards congestive failure
build up of fluid
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heart failure can be left or right sided
.
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What is acute heart failure
acute drop in cardiac output, sudden onset of symptoms
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signs of acute heart failure
collapse, pale mm, slow CRT, weak pulses
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Treatment of acute heart failure
oxygen supplementation, strict rest, glyceryl trinitrate (ventilator), diuretics
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what is chronic heart failure
signs dependent on degree of cardiac compensation, longer term management
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cause of chronic heart failure
congenital disease, acquired disease
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treatment of chronic heart failure
reduce stress/exerise, drug therapy, weight management
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what is right sided CHF
pulmonic stenosis causing increased resistance to outflow of right ventricle
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what happens in right sided CHF
right atrium enlarges to accommodate increased blood volume, congestion of vena cava, abdominal organs, muscles, right sided CHF is usually caused by left sided failure
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signs of right sided CHF
ascites, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, excursive intolerance, lethargy, pale mm, tachycardia, weak pulse, murmurs, dysrhythmias
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What is left sided CHF
mitral valve insufficiency leakage
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what happens in left sided CHF
left atrium enlarges to accommodate increased blood volume, decreased output volume compensated by increased HR
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signs on left sided CHF
pulmonary oedema, cough, achy/dyspnoea, tachycardia, weak pulse, exercise intolerance, lethargy, murmurs, dysrhythmias
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what is compensation
as heart fails and store volume decreases, HR increases to maintain cardiac output
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What happens in compensation
heart chamber dilation increases contractibility 9Sterling's Law) as BP drops RAAS is activated to increase BP and water retention
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What is RAAS
low BP is detected in kidney, refine released, renew activates angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) which activates angiotensin, angiotensin causes blood vessel constriction, aldosterone secretion, aldosterone acts on kidney to cause Na retention
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continued
which causes water retention which increases BP
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what are the 5 types of queried heart disease
mitral valve endocarditis, endocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, pericardial disease
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what is mitral valve endocarditis
the most common cause of heart disease in dogs, thickening of mitral valves, small breeds predisposed, murmur caused by blood leaking back from LV to LA
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what is endocarditis
bacterial infection of he endocardium and heart valves, rare in small animals
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What is dilated cardiomyopathy
dilation of heart chambers, reduced contractibility/systolic function, dogs-large breeds predisposed, cats-taurine deficiency, often associated with arrhythmia
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what is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
thicken f heart muscles, reduced diastolic function, cats-secondary to hyperthyroidism - breed predispositions, often asymptomatic, may lead to chronic thromboembolism
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What is pericardial disease
pericardial effusion compresses the heart, leads to right sided CHF, cardia tamponade- fluid prevents contraction and diastolic filling, requires emergency draining - pericardia centesis
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What are the 4 congenital heart disease
septal defects, stenosis, valve dysplasia, patent ductus arteriosis (PDA)
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what are atrial septal defects
foramen vale present in fetus, should close after bath, if remains open cause L-R shunt and mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
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what is ventricle septal defects
unknown cause, seen commonly in terriers, causes L-R shunt and mixing of blood
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how can septal defects be treated
surgically or CHF managed medically
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What is pulmonic stenosis
most common congenital hear disease in dogs, obstruction of pulmonary artery, resistance to outflow and increased pressure on R of heart
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what are the signs of pulmonic stenosis
excursive intolerance, syncope, right sided CHF
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what is the treatment of pulmonic stenosis
manage CHF medically, balloon valvuloplasty
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what is arctic stenosis
narrowing of aortic valve, obstruction of outflow of LV,
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what are sings of aortic stenosis
initially present with syncope progressive to CHF, sudden death possible (rupture of aorta)
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what is sub aortic stenosis
more common congenital heart disease in dogs, obstruction of left ventricle outflow, thickening or narrowing of LV just beneath the aortic valve, surgery possible
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what are mitral and tricuspid valve defects
mitral valve dysplasia more common in cats, leads to heart failure depending on severity, treatment can include valve replacement
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What is Patent ductus arteriosis PDA
one of the most common heart malfunction in dogs, females predisposed
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what is the ductus arteriosis
normal foetal blood vessels, directs most blood away from lungs, at birth, inflation of lungs causes a change in pressure which closes it forming the ligamentum arteriosum
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what is PDA present with
L-R shunt, continuous machinery murmur
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treatment of PDA
surgical ligation, catheter based occlusion, recommended early as high risk of CHF
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what is tetralogy of fallot
a combination of 4 major heart diseases - pulmonary stenosis, thickened right ventricle wall, ventricle septal defect, aorta overrides septal defect
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

what is diastole

Back

relaxation of the heart

Card 3

Front

What is the lub of a heart sound

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what is the dub of a heart sound

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what is a murmur

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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