Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins

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Give four functions of monosaccharides
source of energy for respiration, building blocks for larger molecules, intermediates in reactions, constituent of nucleotides
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What type of reaction joins monomers? Breaks them?
condensation forms bonds, hydrolysis breaks them
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What does the term 'isomer' mean?
molecules with the same chemical formula but differing atom arrangement
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What is the difference between alpha and beta glucose?
structural difference: on carbon one, the OH group is below the H on alpha, but this is reversed on beta
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What are the properties and functions of maltose, sucrose and lactose?
all are soluble in water; sucrose is non-reducing but the other two are reducing sugars. All act as sources of energy
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What type of bond is formed in a condensation reaction between two monosaccharides (eg glucose and galactose)
glycosidic bond (plus a molecule of h2o)
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What are the reactants that produce maltose?
glucose + glucose
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What reactants form lactose?
glucose + galactose
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What reactants form sucrose?
glucose + fructose
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Describe the functions of starch and glycogen
starch = a storage molecule in plants; glycogen = storage molecule in animals (both for energy)
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What is the structure of starch?
made of alpha glucose; two types of structure amylopectin and amylose; amylopectin is branched chains; amylose is coiled into an alpha helix; starch is compact
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What are three types of lipid?
phospholipid, wax, triglyceride
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What is the name of the bond created in the formation of triglycerides?
ester bond
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Describe the structure of a triglyceride
triglycerides consist of one glycerol molecule joined to three fatty acid chains by an ester bond
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What are the uses of waxes?
waterproofing in plants (eg waxy cuticle on leaves) and animals,
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What are the uses of phospholipids?
in biological membranes and give electrical insulation as part of the myelin sheath around nerves
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What are some of the uses of triglycerides?
thermal/electrical insulation; protective layer of organs; buoyancy; metabolic water; waterproofing; storage/source of energy
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What causes fatty acid chains to be saturated and unsaturated?
The carbon bonds - in saturated fatty acids there are only single C-C bonds but in unsaturated chains there are double C-C bonds
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True or false: some fats are used in the body as chemical messengers
True - steroid based hormones are made from waxes
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Describe the relationship between saturation of fatty acid and state of matter
saturated fatty acid chains can become compact easily due to reg. shape, so are generally solids at room temp. Unsaturated fatty acids have kinks so cannot pack together, so are more liquids
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Cholesterol is transported in the blood in a different form. What is it and why?
transported as lipoproteins because cholesterol is insoluble in blood plasma
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Define the term 'atheroma'
atheroma = fatty deposits in the arteries, which narrow the lumen
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What do low-density lipoproteins do?
LDL - transport cholesterol from liver to tissues. When in excess, will leave deposits
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What do high-density lipoproteins do?
HDL - transport cholesterol from tissues to liver. Have the ability to remove cholesterol from blood vessels
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Why is a diet high in saturated fats bad?
Saturated fats are used by the liver to produce LDL, which can leave deposits in artery walls (atheroma) This will obstruct arteries
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Name two conditions which people with atheroma are vulnerable to
heart attack; stroke; coronary heart disease; plaque
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What is the difference between polyunsaturated fats and monounsaturated fats?
monounsaturated fats have only one double C=C bond, but polyunsaturated have two or more
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Name the lipid food test and its reagents
Name: emulsion test, Reagents: cold water, ethanol
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Name the two types of protein
globular and fibrous
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What is the primary structure?
sequence or order of amino acids in the polypeptide
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What is the secondary structure?
hydrogen bonds between different amino acids create either an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet shape
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What is the tertiary structure?
ionic bonds, hydrophilic/phobic interactions, hydrogen bonds and disulphide bridges create 3-D structure
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What is the quaternary structure?
combination of 2 or more polypeptides or association with a non-protein (prosthetic) group
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What is the protein food test?
Biuret's reagent test
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In a condensation reaction between two amino acids, what bond is formed?
peptide
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Define the term 'dipeptide'
two amino acids joined together by a peptide bond
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Give two examples of proteins
fibrous protein: collagen, globular: haemoglobin
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What type of reaction joins monomers? Breaks them?

Back

condensation forms bonds, hydrolysis breaks them

Card 3

Front

What does the term 'isomer' mean?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is the difference between alpha and beta glucose?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What are the properties and functions of maltose, sucrose and lactose?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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