Carbohydrates

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What is a monomer?
Monomers are small identical or similar molecules which can be joined together to make larger molecules called POLYMERS
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What is a polymer?
A polymer is a chain of repeating subunits (monomers)
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What type of reaction joins monomers together to form a polymer?
Condensation reaction (the removal of water to form a bond)
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What type of reaction breaks a polymer into monomer units?
Hydrolysis reaction (the addition of water to break a bond)
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What three elements are in carbohydrates?
Carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O). There are twice as many hydrogen atoms than oxygen atoms in carbohydrates.
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What are the monomers of carbohydrates called?
Monosaccharides
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How are disaccharides/polysaccharides formed?
By condensation reactions between monosccharides. (When monosaccharides join together)
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What are the three main monosaccharide examples?
Glucose, galactose and fructose. They all have the same formula C6H12O6
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How do alpha glucose and beta glucose differ?
The position of the H and OH groups are different on carbon 1. ABBA (alpha below beta above)
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What are the products of a condensation reaction?
C12H22O11 + H2O (disaccharide and water)
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Where do condensation reactions occur?
Between the OH groups on carbon 4 of one monosaccharide and carbon 1 on the other
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What type of bond do condensation reactions form?
Glycosydic bond
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What is the formula of all disaccharides?
C12H22O11
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What is the product made when two glucose molecules join?
Maltose
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What is the product made when glucose and galactose join?
Lactose
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What is the product made when glucose and fructose join?
Sucrose
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What are the products of a hydrolysis reaction?
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 (Two monosaccharides)
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Why are carbohydrates broken down into monosaccharides during digestion?
So they can be absorbed and assimilated (used) by the body for processes such as respiration
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What is a polysaccharide?
Atype of polymer formed by joining many monosaccharides together
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What is the monomer found in Starch and glycogen?
Alpha glucose
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What is the monomer found in cellulose?
Beta glucose
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What is the function of starch (amylose and amylopectin)?
Starch is a storage molecule in plants
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What is the difference between starch and glycogen?
Starch is found only in plants but glycogen is found in animals
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What part of the cell does cellulose make up?
The cell wall (only plants)
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Why is every other beta glucose monomer inverted in cellulose?
To allow OH groups on carbon 1 and 4 to be adjacent to each other to form a glycosydic bond
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What type of bond forms in cellulose between the chains and what does this create?
Hydrogen bonds and microfibrils are formed
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What feature of cellulose makes it rigid and gives it structural strength?
The large numbers of hydrogen bonds, this makes cellulose good for its function in cell walls
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Why is being insoluble an extremely important characteristic of starch?
It means that it doesnt affect osmosis (wont lower water potential) and it doesnt diffuse out of cells
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What does amylose look like?
Long straight chains of alpha glucose which coil into a helix
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What does amylopectin look like?
A branched chain of alpha glucose
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How does glycogen differ from starch?
It has shorter chains, is more highly branched and has a larger SA
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Where is glycogen stored?
In muscles and liver
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Why is glycogen more readily hydrolysed into glucose?
Because it has shorter chains
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What is the test for carbohydrates called?
The benedicts test or reducing sugars/ non-reducing sugars or the iodine test for starch
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What temperature must you heat the benedicts solution to?
95 degrees C
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What colour will it change to if it is a positive result?
red/yellow/orange/green
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What is the name of the only reducing sugar?
Sucrose
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What colour will the iodine go if starch is present?
Blue-black
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is a polymer?

Back

A polymer is a chain of repeating subunits (monomers)

Card 3

Front

What type of reaction joins monomers together to form a polymer?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What type of reaction breaks a polymer into monomer units?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What three elements are in carbohydrates?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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