Carbohydrates

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What is the formula of glucose?
C6H12O6
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How do alpha and beta glucose differ?
The OH and H bonded to carbon 1 on beta are flipped
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What is the name of a single sugar?
Monosaccharie
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What are 3 types of monosaccharides?
Glucose, Frucose and Galactose
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Glucose, Fructose and galactose are all ..?.. of C6H1206
Isomers
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What enzyme can break down monosaccharides?
None - they are the smallest molecule
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What is a test for a reducing sugar?
Benedict's test
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Describe steps of Benedict's test.
1. Add 2cm^3 of Benedict's solution to same amount of test solution 2. Place in hot water bath for 3 minutes 3. Remove and observe results
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What is the positive result of a Benedict's test? And explain the colour gradient
positive is when a copper oxide precipitate is formed, more reducing sugar = stronger colour change, from clear, blue, green, yellow, orange, brick red
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Describe test for non-reducing sugar.
1. Maintain negative result from Benedict's test, 2. add 2cm^3 of HCl and heat in water bath for 5 mins, 3. cool under tap and slowly add sodiumhydrogencarbonate until fizzing stops (neutralise acidity of HCl) 4. Repeat Benedict's test
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What happens after non-reducing sugar test if non-reducing sugar is present?
The final Benedict's test will come back positive
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How many monosaccharides are in a disaccharide and what bond joins them?
2 - glycosidic
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How are glycosidic bonds made?
Condensation reaction, molecule of H2O removed from 2 monosaccharides from where the hydroxyl groups meet on carbons 1 and 4, leaving a single oxygen behind
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How are glycosidic bonds broken
Hydrolysis reaction, add molecule of H2O to remove
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Name 3 Disaccharides?
Maltose, Sucrose and Lactose
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What monosaccharides are in maltose and what enzyme breaks it down?
Two Alpha glucose - Maltase
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What monosaccharides are in lactose and what enzyme breaks it down?
One alpha glucose and one galactose - Lactase
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What monosaccharides are in sucrose and what enzymes break it down?
One alpha glucose and one fructose - sucrase
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What is a polysaccharide?
Many monosaccharides glycosidicly bonded together
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What kind of saccharide is glycogen, what is its shape, where is it found and what is its function?
Polysaccharide, very branched, animal and bacterial cells, store energy
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What is the two difference between glycogen and starch?
Starch found in plant cells and can be coiled or branched (not as branched as glycogen still)
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What benefit has being coiled/branched have on both glycogen and starch
Can have lots of each molecule in smaller space (cytoplasm)
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What benefit does being large (having lots of glucose monomers) have on glycogen and starch
Too large to leave cell via diffusion
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What benefit does being insoluble have on glycogen and starch?
Doesn't lower water potential in cell so doesn't cause osmosis
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What benefit does being highly branched have on GLYCOGEN ONLY?
Hydrolyse quicker (more ends to start from) for when we need glucose for respiration quickly
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Name function of cellulose, where it is used and in what organism
Structural, cell wall, plants
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What monomers are there in cellulose?
Beta glucose - have to be alternately flipped however to make hydroxyl groups in carbon 1 and 4 line up
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What type of molecule is cellulose?
Long straight chain
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How does cellulose turn into cell wall?
Cellulose bunch together parallel to form microfibril, these join together to form fibril, which are then held together by H bonds (a lot these bonds are present so make it strong) fibrils layer on top of each other in diff directions to form wall
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How is cell wall fully permeable?
small gaps are left by fibrils layering on top of each other so molecules can freely pass through.
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Describe the biochemical test for starch.
Add 3 drops of potassium iodine in potassium iodide solution to test solution on spotting tile, or to test tube containing a solution of test substance
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What is positive result for starch test?
Colour change from orange/brown to blue-black
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

How do alpha and beta glucose differ?

Back

The OH and H bonded to carbon 1 on beta are flipped

Card 3

Front

What is the name of a single sugar?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What are 3 types of monosaccharides?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Glucose, Fructose and galactose are all ..?.. of C6H1206

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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