Are bulk chemicals made on a small or large scale? Give examples
Bulk chemicals are made on a large scale. Chemicals such as Ammonia, Sulfuric acid, Sodium Hydroxide, Phosphoric Acid
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Are fine chemicals made on a small or large scale? Give examples
Fine chemicals are made on a small scale. Chemicals such as drugs, food additives, fragrances
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Production of useful chemicals involves several stages including...
Preparation of feedstocks (starting materials), synthesis, separation of products, handling of by-products and waste, monitoring purity
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What is green chemistry?
The production of chemicals based on priciples that can lead to a more sustainable process
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How do catalysts work?
They lower the activation energy needed for reaction, speed it up, can take place at lower temps and remain unchanged so can be used several times, the process is more sustainable
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What is atom economy?
A measure of the amount of reactants that end up as useful products
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What is the equation for atom economy?
Atom economy = mass of atoms in the useful product / total mass of atoms in the reactant x 100
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What is the equation for percentage yield?
Percentage yield = actual yield / theoretical yield x 100
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What are fertilisers used for?
Increase productivity
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If an enzyme catalyst is used what is the optimum temp?
37 degrees
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What are alkanes?
A group of hydrocards. In alkane the carbon atoms are joined together by single bond carbon-carbon bonds They're saturated hydrocarbons
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What is the functional group in alcohols and what is the formula?
-OH (functional group) C(n)H(2n+1)OH
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Order of alcohols up to 5?
Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane, Pentane
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2 uses of methanol & 2 uses of ethanol
Methanol can be used as a chemical feedstock and in the manufacture of cosmetics. & Ethanol can be used as a solvent and a fuel
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Alcohols react with Sodium and produce.....
A salt and hydrogen gas.
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How can ethanol be made?
Fermentation, Synthesis, Biotechnology
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What does ethene react with to give ethanol? (During Synthesis)
Steam. (Ethene + Steam -> Ethanol)
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Glucose -> Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide. What process is this?
Fermentation
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Why is Ethanol distilled?
To increase the concentration
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Optimum fermentation conditions?
Right temp (if to high the enzymes become denatured), correct pH (if changes to much the enzyme denatures), no oxygen present (if it is present the ethanol is oxidised to form ethanoic acid - vinegar)
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What does biotechnology use to produce Ethanol?
Genetically modified E. coli bacterial and waste biomass
What do carboxylic acids react with to produce acid salts?
Metals, carbonates and alkalis
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What is produced when a carboxylic acid reacts with alcohol?
Esters (catalyst is also present)
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Reaction of a carboxylic acid + alcohol?
Carboxylic acid + Alcohol -> Ester + Water
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Fine chemicals are made on a small scale. Chemicals such as drugs, food additives, fragrances
Back
Are fine chemicals made on a small or large scale? Give examples
Card 3
Front
Preparation of feedstocks (starting materials), synthesis, separation of products, handling of by-products and waste, monitoring purity
Back
Card 4
Front
The production of chemicals based on priciples that can lead to a more sustainable process
Back
Card 5
Front
They lower the activation energy needed for reaction, speed it up, can take place at lower temps and remain unchanged so can be used several times, the process is more sustainable
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