C3

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In the 1800's how did they group the elements?
By the atomic mass and their physical and chemical properties
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What was the first attempt of making a periodic table called?
Newlands' Law of Octaves - 1864
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Why was Newlands' Law of Octaves unsuccessful?
His groups contained elements that did not have similar properties, he mixed up metals and non-metals and he didn't leave any gaps for elements that hadn't been discovered
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Who was successful in making the periodic table?
Dmitri Mendeleev - 1869
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Why was Dmitri Mendeleev's periodic table attempt successful?
He put them in order of atomic mass but left gaps for undiscovered elements he also placed similar elements in columns.
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what is the modern periodic table based on?
Electronic structure
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What are the trends in the Alkali Metals (Group One)?
as you go down they become more reactive and have lower boiling and melting points and have low densities
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Name some of the Alkali metals
Lithium, Sodium and Potassium
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How many electrons do the alkali metals have on their outside shell?
one
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what kind of compounds do alkali Metals form?
ionic compounds with non-metals
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what is produced when an Alkali metal reacts with water?
hydrogen gas
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What are the trends in the halogens?
The reactivity decreases as you go down, there are higher melting and boiling points
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what properties do halogons have?
they are non-metals with coloured vapours
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what are the properties of fluorine?
very reactive, poisonous yellow gas
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what are the properties of chlorine?
fairly reactive, poisonous dense green gas
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what are the properties of bromine?
dense, poisonous, red-brown volatile liquid
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what are the properties of iodine?
dark grey crystalline solid or a purple vapour
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what kind of bonds to the halogens make?
ionic bonds with metals
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what will more reactive halogens do to less reactive ones?
they displace them
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what properties do transition metals have?
they are good conductors, they are very strong, dense and shiny, they are less reactive and harder than group one elements
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transition metal often have more than one...
ion, like Fe2+ (green compounds) and Fe3+ (red/brown compounds - rust)
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why are transition metal colorful?
due to the transition metal ion like Copper (II) sulfate is blue
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transition metals and their compounds make..
good catalysts
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what is iron used in as a catalyst to make?
Haber process to make ammonia
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what is used as a catalyst for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide?
Manganese (IV) oxide
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What is Nickel useful for catalyzing?
turning oils into fats for making margarine
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what does hard water make?
scum and scale
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what does hard water not lather like soft water?
dissolved calcium ionsand magnesium ions in the water reacting with the soap to make scum which is insoluble.
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when heated what does hard water produce and where?
scale (mostly calcium carbonate) mostly found in pipes, boilers and kettles.
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what are the effects of scale?
lower efficiency of heating systems and they may need to be replaced, scale can even eventually block pipes
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what does scale act like?
a thermal insulator
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what are the advantages of hard water?
Ca2+ (good for teeth and bones) also people are at less risk of developing heart disease.
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what can you use titration to compare?
the hardness of water samples
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what must water be free of so we can drink it?
poisonous salts (e.g. phosphates and nitrates) and harmful microbes
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what can microbes in hte water cause?
disease like cholera and dysentery
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where does most of our drinking water come from?
reservoirs
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how do the reservoirs work?
water flows into the reservoirs from the rivers and groundwater, water companies choose to build reservoirs where there is a good supply of clean water
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what do government agencies keep a close eye on in reservoirs?
pollution in the reservoirs, rivers and groundwater
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what treatment does the water in the reservoir go though?
water passes mesh screen remove big things,chemicals added,microbes stick together and fall to bottom,the water is filtered through gravel beds to remove solids,water chlorinated to kill any harmful microbes left
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what do people do in addition to the treatment of the water?
buy filters that contain carbon or silver to remove substance from the tap water. carbon removes chlorine taste and silver kills bugs
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what do people in hard water area do to teri water?
they buy water softeners which contain ion exchange resin
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what are the disadvantages of adding fluoride and chlorine to water?
chlorine is linked with increases certain cancers,chlorine can react with other substances to produce toxins high does of flouide can cause cancer and bone problems,levels of chemicals need to be carefully monitored
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what are the advantages of uses fluoride and chlorine in water?
fluoride helps to reduce tooth decay and chlorine prevents disease
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define reversible reaction
is one where the products of the reaction can themselves react to produce the original reactants
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if a revisiable reaction is placed in a closed system...
a state of equilibrium will always be reached
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define equilibrium
the amount of reactants and products will reach a certain balance and stay there
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if you alter the temperature and pressure of the reaction you can...
move the 'position of equilibrium' to give more product and less reactants
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if you raise the temperature in a reversible reaction...
the endothermic reaction will increase to use up the extra heat
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if you reduce the temperature in a reversible reaction...
the exothermic reaction will increase to give out more heat
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if you raise the pressure in a reversible reaction...
it will encourage the reaction which produces less volume
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if you lower the pressure in a reversible reaction...
it will encourage the reaction which produces more volume
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adding a catalyst to a reversible reaction...
doesn't change the equilibrium position
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what is needed to make ammonia?
nitrogen and hydrogen
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how is nitrogen obtained?
from the air, which is 78% nitrogen
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how is hydrogen obtained?
from natural gas or from other sources like crude oil
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what industrial condition are required to make ammonia?
200 atmosphere pressure, 450°C and an iron catalyst is needed
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why is the pressure high when making ammonia?
to give the best percentage yield
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why is the temperature low when making ammonia?
as the forward reaction is exothermic and so increasing the temp will making more hydrogen and nitrogen, and it will have a higher percentage yield
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the lower the temperature in a reaction...
the lower the rate of reaction - so they increase the temperature to get a much faster rate of reaction
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in what state is the ammonia when it is first formed?
gas but as it cools in hte condenser it liquefies and si removed
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what happenens to the unused hydrogen and nitrogen?
they are recycled so nothing is wasted
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why is the iron catalyst used in the making of ammonia?
it makes the reaction faster although it doesn't change the position of the position of the equilibrium
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what are the consequences of not using a catalyst in making ammonia?
the temperature would of been raised higher, this would of reduced the percentage yield
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what is the homologous series?
is a group of chemicals that react in a similar way because they have the fame functional group
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what do all alcohols contain?
-OH group
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what are the properties of the first three alcohols?
flammable, they dissolve completely in water to form neutral solutions, they react with sodium to give hydrogen and alkoxides, ethanol is used in drinks and damages the liver and brain
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what are alcohols used for?
solvents
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ethanol is used in...
perfumes and aftershave
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what is methylated spirtit used for?
clean paint brushes, use as fuel, its poisenous to drink
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where is ethanol used in fuels?
in spirit burners - it burn fairly cleanly and it's not smelly
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how to ethanol made to produce fuel?
by growing and harvesting sugar cane
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why is using sugar cane to make fuel a good idea?
because it is renewable
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how are esters formed?
from an alcohol and a carbolic acid with an acid catalyst (usually concentrated sulphuric acid)
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what is also produced when making an ester?
water
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what are the properties of esters?
pleasant smelling, volatile, flammable, don't mix well with water, but do with alcohol and solvents
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where are esters most oftenly used?
in perfumes and flavourings - paint, ink. glue,nail varnish remover
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what are the dangers of using esters?
inhaling irritates mucous membranes, very flammable, heavier than air, some are toxic
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the more solute you dissolve in a given volume...
the more crowded the solute molecules are and the more concentrated the solution
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what is the function group of carboxylic acids?
COOH
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when carboxylic acids react with other acids what do they produce?
they produce CO2 and the salts formed end with -anoate
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give an example of a carboxylic acid reacting with another acid
ethanoic acid + sodium carbonate -> carbon dioxide + sodium ethanoate
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what is the chemical reaction to make ammonia?
N2 + 3H2 >< 2NH3 + heat
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what is the reaction in boiling water?
Ca(HCO3)2 -> CaCO3 + H2O + CO2
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what are the first three alcohols?
methanol, ethanol and propanol
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give a reaction of an alcohol burning in air
2CH3OH + 3O2 -> 2CO2 + 4H2O ( carbon dioxide and water)
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give a reaction of an alcohol and sodium
2C2H5OH + 2Na -> 2C2H5ONa + H2 (hydrogen and alkoxides)
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what do carboxylic acids dissove in water to make?
acidic solutions
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what happens when carboxylic acids dissolve in water?
they ionise and release H+ ions which are responsible for making the solution acidic, they don't ionise completely, they just form weak acidic solutions. they have a higher pH than aqueous solutions of strong acids but same concentration
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how can ethanoic acid be made and give the equation
by using oxidising ethanol ethanol + oxygen -> ethanoic acid + water
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what can ethanoic acid be dissolved into and what does it make?
water to make vinegar which is used for flavouring and preserving food
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where is citric acid present in and what is it used for?
in oranges and lemons and is manufactured in large quantities to make fizzy drinks, it's also used to get rid of scale
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what are carboxylic acids used for in industry?
to make soaps and esters
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what type of carboxylic acid is used to make soap and detergents?
ones with loner chanins of carbon atoms
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what is ethanoic acid good for?
it is a solvent for many organic molecules but it usually isn't used because it makes the solution too acidic
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how is fuel energy measured?
using calorimetry
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describe the method of calorimetry
put water in a copper can and record its temp, weight the spirit burner and lid, put SB under can and light wick, heat water stirring,put out flame using burner lid and measure temp. weight SB and lid again
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what are the consequences of burning fuels?
harming the environment, global warming, fuels run out
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when hydrogen and oxygen react what is made?
water - which isn't a pollutant
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what kind of reaction is the one between hydrogen and oxygen?
exothermic - it releases energy
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what can the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen be used for?
for combustion engines or in a fuel cells
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what are the advantages of using the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen?
its a very clean process only water is produced
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what are the disadvantages of using the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen?
you need a special expensive engine, you still need energy to produce the hydrogen and its very hard to store safely - its explosive
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define fuel cell
a fuel cell is an electrical cell that's been supplied with a fuel and oxygen and uses energy from the reaction between them to generate electricity
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when and why were fuel cells made?
in the 1960's as part of the space program
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what is the difference between a battery and a fuel cell?
a fuel cell doest run out or need recharging from the mains, it will produce energy as long as fuel is being supplied
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why would it be a good idea to develop fuel cells within cars?
so they don't produce any greenhouse gases and nitrogen oxides, no sulphur dioxide and no carbon monoxide
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what will fuel cells help countries to do?
become less dependant on crude oil
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what are the disadvantages of using a fuel cell?
hydrogen gas takes us more space than liquid does, it's very explosive so hard to store, you use fuel to gain the hydrogen
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what colour flames do some metal ions produce?
Li+ - crimson, Na+ - yellow, K+ - lilac, Ca2+ - red, Ba2+ - green
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describe the flame test
dip a clean wire loop into the metal ion and but the loop in the blue part of the flame
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how do you clean the the wire loop?
dipping it in hydrochloric acid and rinsing in distilled water
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what colour precipitate and what is the ionic reaction of Calcium (Ca2+) and NaOH?
white, Ca2+ + 2OH- -> Ca(OH)2
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what colour precipitate and what is the ionic reaction of Copper(II) Cu2+ and NaOH?
blue, Cu2+ +2OH- -> Cu(OH)2
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what colour precipitate and what is the ionic reaction of Iron (II) Fe2+ and NaOH?
green, Fe2+ + 2OH- -> Fe(OH)2
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what colour precipitate and what is the ionic reaction of Iron (III) Fe3+ and NaOH?
brown, Fe3+ + 2OH- -> Fe(OH)2
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what colour precipitate and what is the ionic reaction of Aluminium (Al3+) and NaOH?
white at first but redissolves in excess NaOH, Al3+ + 3OH- -> Al(OH)3 then Al(OH)3 + OH- -> Al(OH)4
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what colour precipitate and what is the ionic reaction of Magnesium (Mg2+) and NaOH?
white, Mg2+ + "OH- -> Mg(OH)2
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how do you test carbonates?
check for CO2
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describe how to test for CO2?
bubble it through lime water if it is CO2 it will cloudy OR test for carbonates since they react with dilute acids to form CO"
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what is the equation for testing CO2 with carbonates?
acid + carbonate -> salt + water + carbon dioxide
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how do you test for halides and sulfates?
add nitric acid (HNO3) followed by sliver nitrate solution (AgNO3)
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what kind of precipitate and what is the equation of chloride (halide testing)?
white precipitate of silver chloride, Ag+ + Cl- -> AgCl
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what kind of precipitate and what is the equation of bromide (halide testing)?
cream precipitate of silver bromide, Ag+ + Br- -> AgBr
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what kind of precipitate and what is the equation of iodide (halide testing)?
yellow precipitate of silver iodide, Ag+ +I- -> AgI
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how do you test for a sulphate ion (SO4 2-)?
add dilute HCl followed by barium chloride solution, BaCl2
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a white precipitate of barium sulphate means...
the original compound was a sulphate
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what is the equation for testing a sulphate ion?
Ba2+ +SO4 2- -> BaSO4
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What was the first attempt of making a periodic table called?

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Newlands' Law of Octaves - 1864

Card 3

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Why was Newlands' Law of Octaves unsuccessful?

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Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

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Who was successful in making the periodic table?

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Card 5

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Why was Dmitri Mendeleev's periodic table attempt successful?

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