C3

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What do Geologists do
study rocks to see how the earth has changed
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How do geological changes happen
movements of tectonic plates
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what do plate collisions cause
mountain ranges, specifically fold mountains
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what is Pangea
a supercontinent, the idea that all continents once crashed together
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Explain Britain's rocks and it's history in terms of plate tectonics
Britain is made from rocks from different ancient continents, Britain used to be nearer the equator so had a warmer climate, Britain has now drifted further from the equator and has experienced different climates
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what happens as volcanic lava cools
igneous rock forms
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what do magnetic materials in lava do
line up along the earth's magnetic field
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how can geologists track movement of continents and dates of rocks
by changes in magnetic patterns
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what are rocks
raw materials buried in the earth's crust
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name three important raw materials
salt, coal and limestone
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200 years ago, the industrial revolution began in north-west England, explain the transport links and where the raw materials were
coal in south Lancashire, salt in Cheshire, limestone in the Peak District. Port of Liverpool and canal system were transport links.
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Explain how limestone formed when Britain was covered by sea
shellfish died leaving sediments on the sea bed > sediments compacted to make limestone (sedimentary rock) > tectonic plates pushed rock to the surface > over time the rock on top was eroded, exposing limestone
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Explain how coal is formed
decayed/dead trees and plants being compressed in swampy conditions
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Explain how salt formed when Cheshire was covered in shallow sea
Rivers brought dissolved salts into the sea > Climate warming evaporated the water > leaving salt mixed with sand blown in from the wind > rock salt formed and was buried by sediments
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what evidence shows how coal is formed
coal contains fossils of the plants that formed it
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what evidence is there for how limestone formed
limestone contains bits of shell from sea creatures
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what evidence is there for how salt was formed
rock salt shows different shaped water-eroded grains and wind eroded grains, and ripple marks on rock indicate water flow from rivers/sea
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name three ways salt is used
the food industry, treat icy roads, source of chemical
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two ways salt can be obtained
salt mining and evaporating sea water
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what is salt
Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
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why is rock salt spread on icy roads
the sand in it gives grip, its visible so people know the roads have been gritted, the salt lowers the freezing point which prevents ice forming as easy
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where is the only rock salt mine in Britain
Cheshire
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is salt extraction from evaporating sea water economical
no, only in hot climates
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how can mining salt cause subsidence
only half the rock salt can be mined, the rest must be left for support
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what happens if mining allows water into mines
it could let salt leach out into water supplies, contaminating them
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name disadvantages of evaporating sea water
it takes up large areas, spreads salt into the local environment, damages habitats
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name two reasons that salt is used in food
flavouring, preservative
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what can a higher salt level prevent
bacteria growth
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what can high salt intake cause
high blood pressure, heart failure, strokes
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due to the risks of high salt intake, what is salt classed as
a hazard
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what does Defra stand for
Department of the Environment, Food and Rural affairs
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what dos DH stand for
Department of Health
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what do the DH and Defra do
carry out risk assessment for chemicals in food, advise the public about how food affects health
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explain a risk (in terms of intake of salt)
a risk is the chance of getting ill, and the consequences if you did. can be estimated by measuring salt intake. food labels show salt content, allowing you to make decisions as you know the risk.
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what is neutralisation
alkali neutralising an acid to make a salt
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what is the result of an acid and an alkali
salt and water
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what are alkalis used for
dying cloth, making soap, making glass, neutralising acidic soil
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what were sources of alkalis in the past
stale urine and burnt wood
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in coastal areas, what can be used to neutralise acidic soil
seaweed or seaweed ash
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what was the first alkali to be manufactured
lime
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what is lime used for
neutralising acidic soils, making glass when heated with sand, removing impurities from iron
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before modern dyes, what were clothes died with
dyes from plants and animals
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explain the leblanc process
made sodium carbonate by reacting salt and limestone heated with coal. gave off large amounts of hydrogen chloride (acidic, harmful gas). produced heaps of solid waste which released hydrogen sulphide (foul smelling, toxic gas)
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how was the hydrogen chloride from the leblanc process become useful
chlorine bleached and died textiles, hydrochloric acid makes new materials
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what does oxidation do to hydrogen chloride
convert it to chlorine
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what pH does an alkali have
any number between 7 and 14
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what colour does the indicator turn when alkali is added
blue or violet
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what are bases
insoluble metal hydroxides and carbonates
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what are alkalis
soluble metal hydroxides and carbonates
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what is a benefit of adding chlorine to water
kills waterborne diseases (microorganisms)
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what is a disadvantage of adding chlorine to water
it is a toxic gas and can effect health if there is too much in water
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what is electrolysis
breaking up compounds using an electric currents
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what does the electrolysis of brine produce
chlorine gas, hydrogen glass, sodium hydroxide solution
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why is the electrolysis of brine expensive
needs large amounts of electricity
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explain electrolysis of brine
the chlorine (negative ions) goes to the positive electrode, and the hydrogen (positive ions) go to the negative electrode
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what are industrial uses of the products of electrolysis of brine
chlorine: making PVC, crop protection. hydrogen: making margarine, rocket fuel. sodium hydroxide: paper recycling, industrial cleaners
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what are the environmental impacts of electrolysis of brine
chlorine products linked to the ozone damage are banned, plastics made are non biodegradable, some methods can release mercury waste
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how is the level of a risk of a chemical decided
how much is needed to cause harm, chance of it in the atmosphere, who/hat it effects, how much will be used
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when did risk assessments for new chemicals become compulsory
30 years ago
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what is in PVC
carbon, hydrogen and chlorine
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what happens if PVC is burnt
gives off a toxic gas, possible cause cancer if eaten
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what is a life cycle assessment
energy used to make, use and dispose of a substance and it's environmental impact
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four main stages of a LCA
natural resources required, energy needed to produce, how much water and air used, how is the environment effected
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why is PVC dangerous
plasticiser molecules can leach out and have harmful effects
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

How do geological changes happen

Back

movements of tectonic plates

Card 3

Front

what do plate collisions cause

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what is Pangea

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Explain Britain's rocks and it's history in terms of plate tectonics

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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