C2 & C3 chemistry
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- Created by: ikrolivia
- Created on: 22-11-15 10:30
Name the 3 layers of the Earth
crust, mantle, core
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What is the lithosphere?
Relatively cold, rigid outer part of Earth, made of crust & top mantle
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What causes plates to move?
convection currents = magma to rise to surface at plate boundaries. when it solidifies, new igneous rock is formed. this slow movement leads to moving plates!
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Why is the theory of plate tectonics now widely accepted?
Because it explains a range of evidence & has been discussed and tested by many scientists
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What did Wegener notice about the Earth's surface?
Continents fit like jigsaw / geology of Scot&Can was similar / similar animal species were found either side of Atlantic
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What did the studies of Wegener's theory show?
1) plates are moving apart 2) rock age increases as move away from boundary
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Why do geologists study volcanoes?
To understand Earth's structure / to forecast eruptions / give early eruption warnings
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where do volcanoes form?
At places where magma can find its way through weaknesses in Earth's crust
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Volcanoes make 2 types of lava. What are they?
Iron-rich basalt -> runny & safe / Silica-rich rhyolite -> thicker & more violent
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heated Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) word equation
calcium carbonate -> calcium oxide + carbon dioxide
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What is a thermal decomposition reaction?
When one material breaks down into 2+ substances when heated
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How can cement be strengthened?
By allowing it to set around steel rods to REINFORCE IT. (reinforced concrete is a composite material)
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What can mines and quarries be?
Noisy, dusty, take up land, change landscape shape, increase local traffic
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Heating copper & carbon word equation
copper oxide + carbon -> copper + carbon dioxide
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Electrolysis: anode equation
Cu - 2e- -> Cu2+
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Electrolysis: cathode equation
Cu2+ + 2e- -> Cu
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What is an alloy?
A mixture of a metal with another element (usually another metal)
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What is a smart alloy & give an example
A smart alloy, e.g. NITINOL - can be bent & twisted. Returns to original shape when heated (SHAPE MEMORY)
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Give a use of smart alloys
frames of reading glasses
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Why is steel used to make car bodies?
it's strong & malleable
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Properties of aluminium
Lightweight / doesn't corrode
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What is aluminium in comparison to steel?
lighter / more £££ / corrodes less
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Why is steel used to make cars?
It's harder and stronger than iron / doesn't corrode as fast as iron
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State the 3 things rusting needs...
Iron, water & oxygen
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Rusting equation
iron + oxygen + water -> hydrated iron(III) oxide
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Recycling materials means..?
less quarrying / less energy / saves natural resources / reductions in disposal problems
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What is the Haber Process?
Ammonia made on large scale
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Ammonia reactants:
Nitrogen & hydrogen
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Haber Process equation
nitrogen + hydrogen >< ammonia
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What does the cost of making a new substance depend on?
price of energy / labour costs / cost of equipment
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Factors that affect cost of making new substances
pressure, catalyst, temperature, # of people...
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What are fertilisers?
Chemicals that give plants ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL ELEMENTS for growth
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How do fertilisers increase crop yield?
replacing essential elements / providing nitrogen as soluble nitrates
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What is eutrophication?
When the overuse of fertilisers changes ecosystems in lakes, rivers and streams
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Uses for products of electrolysis of sodium chloride
Sodium hydroxide = soap / hydrogen = margarine / chlorine = sterilise water, make PVC
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Sodium chloride is mined...?
in Cheschire as a ROCK SALT / by solution mining for chemical industry
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Electrolysis of sodium chloride: h2 reduction at cathode EQUATION
2H+ + 2e- -> H2
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Electrolysis of sodium chloride: chlorine oxidation at anode EQUATION
2Cl- - 2e- -> Cl2
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Percentage yield formula
percentage yield = actual yield / predicted yield X 100
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What is atom economy?
a way of measuring the # of atoms wasted in chemical reaction
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Exothermic reactions do what?
RELEASE HEAT ENERGY
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Endothermic reactions do what?
ABSORB ENERGY FROM SURROUNDINGS
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Batch processes
make product on demand on SMALL SCALE // variety of stuff // labour intensive
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Continuous processes
make product on LARGE SCALE // making only 1 thing // operate always // run automatically
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How can materials used to make a medicine be extracted from plants?
crushing, boiling & dissolving or chromatography
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What do costs of making medicine include?
materials needed, research & testing, labour, energy and marketing.
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Name the 3 types of carbon!
Diamond, graphite & buckyballs
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Properties of diamond
insoluble in water / colourless, shiny, transparent / high melting point
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Properties of graphite
insoluble in water / black and slippery / opaque / conducts electricity / giant molecular structure
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What are nanotubes used for?
Reinforce graphite tennis racquets / make connectors in electrical circuits / develop efficient industrial catalysts
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Give one use of an ester
Perfumes
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State 2 important physical properties of nanotubes
strong & conduct electricity well
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What is an allotrope?
different forms of same element with atoms arranged in different structures
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What is the lithosphere?
Back
Relatively cold, rigid outer part of Earth, made of crust & top mantle
Card 3
Front
What causes plates to move?
Back
Card 4
Front
Why is the theory of plate tectonics now widely accepted?
Back
Card 5
Front
What did Wegener notice about the Earth's surface?
Back
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