C1 Revision

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What are all substances made up of?
Atoms.
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What are elements?
Substances that are made up of only one atom.
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What form can elements be in?
Solids, liquids or gases.
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Where are the alkali metals located in the periodic table?
In group 1.
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Where are the alkaline earth metals located in the periodic table?
In group 2.
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Where are the transition metals located in the periodic table?
In the rows in the middle, between group 2 and 3.
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Where are the halogens located in the periodic table?
In group 7.
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Where are the noble gases located in the periodic table?
In group 0.
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What does the staircase in the periodic table symbolise?
Dividing the metals and non-metals, with the metals on the left and the non-metals on the right.
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What is the only element that is alone on the periodic table?
Hydrogen.
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What are compounds?
Different types of atoms joined together.
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What holds the atoms tightly together in compounds?
Chemical bonds.
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What is an atom made up of?
A tiny central nucleus, orbited by tiny particles, called electrons.
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What is a molecule?
A grouping of two or more atoms bonded together.
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What does the nucleus contain?
Two types of particles, called protons and neutrons.
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What charge do protons have?
A positive, relative charge of +1.
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What charge do neutrons have?
A neutral, relative charge of 0.
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What charge do electrons have?
A negative, relative charge of -1.
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What charge does the nucleus have?
An overall positive charge.
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What charge does an atom have overall?
There is no overall charge, because it contains equal numbers of protons and electrons, therefore they cancel each other out.
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What is the atomic number?
The number of protons in an atom.
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What is the mass number?
Number of protons + number of neutrons.
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How can we calculate the number of neutrons?
Mass number - atomic number.
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How are electrons arranged around the nucleus?
In shells.
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What does each shell represent?
A different energy level.
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Where is the lowest energy level located?
Nearest to the nucleus.
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How many electrons can the first energy shell hold?
Up to 2 electrons.
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How many electrons can the second energy shell hold?
Up to 8 electrons.
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How many electrons can the third energy shell hold?
Up to 8 electrons.
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What happens when the third energy shell is full?
The fourth shell begins to fill up, and so on.
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What is the electronic stucture?
The numbers of electrons in each energy shell.
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How are all the elements in group 1 similar?
They all have 1 electron in their highest energy shell.
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What determines how an element reacts?
The number of electrons in its highest energy shell (outermost shell).
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Why are the elements in group 0 called the noble gases?
Because they are unreactive.
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How are the electrons arranged in noble gases?
Their atoms have a very stable arrangement of electrons.
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What is ionic bonding?
The electrostatic force of attraction between positively and negatively charged ions.
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How do atoms react together in ionic bonding?
They transfer electrons to form chemical bonds.
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What happens in ionic bonding?
The metal atom gives one ore more electrons to the non-metal atom. Both atoms become ions.
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Which two things react in ionic bonding?
Metals and non-metals.
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What are ions?
Charged particles.
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Which ions do metal atoms form?
Positively charged ions.
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Which ions do non-metals form?
Negatively charged ions.
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Do opposite charges attract or repel each other?
They attract each other.
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What are ionic bonds?
Chemical bonds formed from strong forces of attraction.
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What is covalent bonding?
The attraction between two atoms that share one or more pairs of electrons to form chemical bonds.
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Which two things react in covalent bonding?
Non-metals and non-metals.
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What are covalent bonds?
A chemical bond between the atoms, formed from each pair of shared electrons.
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Are ions formed in covalent bonding?
No.
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What are formed in covalent bonding?
Molecules.
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What does the chemical formula of an ionic compound tell us?
The ratio of each type of ion in the compound.
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Why do we use a ratio in ionic bonding?
Because when ions bond together, they form structures made of many millions of ions.
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What does this ratio depend on?
The charge on each ion, as the charges must cancel each other out.
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What do chemical equations show us?
The reactants and the products of a reaction.
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What are reactants?
The substances we start with.
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What are products?
The new substances made.
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What are the two types of equations?
Symbol equations and word equations.
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How do symbol equations help us?
They allow us to see how much of each substance is reacting.
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Why are symbol equations better than using word equations?
People of different languages can understand symbol equations, symbol equations tell us how much substance is involved, and word equations can be complicated when lots of chemicals are involved.
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What does a balanced equation mean?
There is the same number of each type of atom on both sides of the equation.
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What else does a balanced equation tell us?
The total mass of the products formed in a reaction is equal to the total mass of the reactants.
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Why are balanced equations important?
Because atoms cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction.
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How can we check if the equation is balanced?
By counting the number of each type of atom on either side of the equation.
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What is limestone mainly made of?
Calcium carbonate.
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What were some types of limestone formed from?
The remains of tiny animals and plants that lived in the sea millions of years ago.
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What is one use for limestone?
It is a building material.
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How can we make buildings from limestone?
We can cut and shape the stone taken from the ground into blocks. These can be placed on top of eachother like bricks in a wall.
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How do we make cement?
By heating powdered limestone with powdered clay.
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How do we make concrete?
By mixing cement powder with water, sand and crushed rock.
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What is the chemical formula for calcium carbonate?
CaCO3.
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What happens when heat limestone strongly?
The calcium carbonate breaks down to form calcium oxide, as well as producing carbon dioxide.
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What is thermal decomposition?
Breaking down a chemical by heating it.
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How is calcium oxide useful?
It is useful in the building and farming industries.
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What can we use to make lots of calcium oxide?
A furnace called a lime kiln.
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How can we use this lime kiln to produce calcium oxide?
We fill the kiln with crushed limestone and heat it strongly using a supply of hot air.
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What comes out of the bottom of the kiln?
Calcium oxide.
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What comes out of the top of the kiln?
Waste gases, including the carbon dioxide made.
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What else can we use to produce calcium oxide?
A rotary kiln.
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How does a rotary kiln work?
The limestone is heated in a rotating drum.
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How does this kiln help?
This makes sure that the limestone is thoroughly mixed with the stream of hot air, which helps the calcium carbonate to decompose completely.
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What can buildings and statues made from limestone suffer from?
Damage by acid rain, because calcium carbonate reacts with acid.
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What causes limewater to turn cloudy?
Carbon dioxide.
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Why does this test work?
Limewater is an alkaline solution of calcium hydroxide and CO2 is a weekly acidic gas, so it reacts with alkaline limewater.
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What are formed in this reaction?
Tiny solid particles of insoluble calcium carbonate are formed as a precipitate.
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What is the word equation for reaction?
Calcium hydroxide (limewater) + carbon dioxide -> calcium carbonate (insoluble precipitate) + water.
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Why does this precipitate of calcium carbonate make the limewater turn cloudy?
Because light can no longer pass through the solution with tiny bits of white solid suspended in it.
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What do carbonates react with acids to give?
A salt, water and carbon dioxide.
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Which two substances do not compose at the temperature of the bunsen flame?
Sodium and potassium carbonate, as they need a higher temperature.
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What do we add to calcium oxide to produce calcium hydroxide?
Water.
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What colour is limewater?
It is colourless.
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What are the stages of the limestone reaction cycle?
Calcium carbonate/limestone (heat) -> calcium oxide (add water) -> calcium hydroxide (add water and filter) -> calcium hydroxide solution (add CO2) -> back to limestone.
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How can we neutralise calcium hydroxide?
Calcium hydroxide is an alkali, so we can react it with acids to neutralise it. This produces a calcium salt and water.
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How can farmers use calcium hydroxide?
It is used by farmers to improve soil that is acidic. Because it is an alkali, it will raise the pH of acidic soil.
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How can calcium hydroxide be used in industry?
It can be used to neutralise acidic waste gases in industry before releasing gases into the air.
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How is mortar made?
Mixing calcium hydroxide with sand and water.
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What is a use for mortar?
It holds other building materials together.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What are elements?

Back

Substances that are made up of only one atom.

Card 3

Front

What form can elements be in?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Where are the alkali metals located in the periodic table?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Where are the alkaline earth metals located in the periodic table?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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