C1 Biological Compounds

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  • Created by: CatHall
  • Created on: 03-04-17 13:31
What is calcium required for?
Strengthens vertebrate tissues, e.g. bone, teeth and cell wall of plant cells.
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What is phosphate required for?
Component of DNA and RNA, in cell membranes and phosphate groups in ATP.
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What is iron required for?
In the haem group of haemoglobin and cytochromes (respiration and photosynthesis).
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What is magnesium required for?
A component of chlorophyll.
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What bonds do water molecules form?
Hydrogen bonds.
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What are the properties of water?
Cohesion, adhesion, thermal properties, solvent properties, as a metabolite and support and buoyancy.
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Describe cohesion.
Water molecules are attracted to each other due to hydrogen bonding. Gives surface tension.
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Describe adhesion.
Adhesive forces describe the interaction between water molecules and different molecules.
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Describe high surface tension.
The molecules in the bulk of the liquid are effected by various IMF of attraction. Those molecules in the surface are not affected by the above molecules and so 'pull' together more strongly.
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What effect on life does high surface tension have?
A habitat can therefore survive on the surface of the water, e.g. pondskaters.
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Describe the thermal properties of water.
Water is liquid at a range of temperatures due to the large amount of energy needed to break the many weak H bonds. Water has a high specific heat capacity and a high latent heat of vaporisation.
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What is a high specific heat capacity?
Water can absorb or lose a large amount of heat energy without a large change in temperature.
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What effect on life does a high specific heat capacity have?
Avoid fluctuations in the temperature of the water. Stable aquatic habitats. Rate of enzyme catalysing will change otherwise.
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What is a high latent heat of vaporisation?
When a water molecule evaporates it must break the H bonds with other water molecules. This requires relatively large amounts of energy to convert water to water vapour. This cools the water remaining so when water evaporates it carries heat with it.
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What is an example of water acting as a coolant?
When sweat evaporates from the skin surface of a mammal.
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Describe the density of water.
Water expands when it freezes. As a result its density will decrease meaning that ice is less dense than water, and will therefore float on top of it.
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What effect does the density of water and ice have on life?
The ice accts as an insulator reducing further cooling. This allows life to continue under the ice.
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Describe the solvent properties of water.
Water will dissolve any molecule that is polar because a solute with slightly positive and negative poles interacts with water molecules. Water clusters around the solute and keeps the solute molecules apart so they dissolve.
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Where do most biochemical reactions take place?
In solution.
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What effect does water have as a solvent?
Allows substances to be carried in the blood plasma and the sap of plants as they dissolve in the water.
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How are substances classified?
Into two groups, hydrophilic: substances (amino acids with polar side groups, sugars, salts) dissolve well in water. Hydrophobic substances do not dissolve well in water.
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Describe support and buoyancy.
Water provides support for marine animals which allows some to become very large. This is due to buoyancy which is the balance of the downward force of gravity and the upward pressure exerted by the fluid below.
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What is an organic compound?
A compound containing carbon and is present in living organisms.
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What is a monomer?
A single repeating unit that joins together to form a polymer.
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What are the types of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.
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What do carbohydrates contain?
C, H and O.
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What are carbohydrates used as?
Source and energy store in all organisms, e.g. sugars, starch and glycogen. Structural material in plant cell walls, e.g. cellulose and chitin.
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Describe a monosaccharide.
A single sugar unit, sweet and soluble. General formula: C(H20)n. Classified according to the number of carbons a molecule has. E.g. triose, pentose and hexose.
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What is an isomer?
Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas.
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What are the isomers of glucose?
Alpha and beta glucose.
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What is the difference between alpha and beta glucose?
H atom above the ring in alpha and below the ring in beta.
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Card 2

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What is phosphate required for?

Back

Component of DNA and RNA, in cell membranes and phosphate groups in ATP.

Card 3

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What is iron required for?

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Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is magnesium required for?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What bonds do water molecules form?

Back

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