Britain 1815-51

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What happened at the Peterloo Massacre?
16th August 1819. Meeting on St. Peter's Field, Manchester. 50,000 men, women, children marched to hear Henry Hunt's speech on reform. Hunt promised the vote to all men. Magistrates saw it as a riot and sent in the Manchester Yeomanry.
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How violent was the Peterloo Massacre?
11 Killed and 400 injured.
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Why did people argue that the Peterloo Massacre was not a riot?
People came in their finest sunday wear. Also men brought their wives and children.
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Why did the government argue that the Peterloo Massacre was a riot?
Government argued the crowd were armed and marched in a military order with banners. Crowd ignoring the riot act.
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What happened as a result of the Peterloo Massacre?
Government passes the '6 acts'.
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Consequences of Peterloo?
Tax on newspapers was increased so w/c people could not afford to read them and they would be less likely to read them. The government banned meetings of more than 50 people at any one time. Search houses w/o a warrent.
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Why were ordinary people protesting?
The corn laws meant high bread prices. Unemployment left people poor and desperate. Indirect taxes meant the poor struggled even more.
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Why was the 1832 reform act passed, if most MP's were against it?
1) Fear of further revolution. 2) Government was worried the middle and working class would combine their struggle. 3)Many widely read newspapers were promoting reform.
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What significant changes were made in the 1832 reform act?
The middle class could now vote. 56 rotten boroughs removed. Industrial towns like Manchester were given an MP.
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Why was the 1832 reform act introduced then?
New wig Government. Riots in Bristol. Poor harvests.
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5 complaints about the electoral system?
1) Dominated by landowners. 2) Bribery/Corruption. 3) No secret ballot. 4) Very few voted. 5) No MP's for industrial towns.
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What did the upper class say about the "Great" reform act 1832?
Argued it could lead to possible revolution.
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What did the middle class say about the "Great" reform act 1832
They were pleased as they were given the right to vote and the system became more fair.
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What did the working class say about the "Great" reform act 1832
Were not happy as nothing had changed. They were still not allowed to vote.
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Who were the Chartists?
A group of mainly working class men demanding reform of the 1832 reform act.
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What was moral force chartism?
Moral force Chartism - peaceful protests and petitions. Led by William Lovett
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What was physical force chartism?
Physical force chartism - Through violence and riots - Led by Feargus O' Conner
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6 points of people's charter?
1)Votes for all men over 21. 2)Secret ballot 3)MP's do not have to own property or land. 4)MP's should be paid. 5)Equal distribution of MP's - constituencies. 6)Annual elections.
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Reasons for people joining/supporting the chartists?
1)Disappointed by the 1832 reform act. 2))Wanted less unemployement -wanted jobs the machines had taken. 3)Wanted Improved factory conditions. 4) Wanted better wages.5) More for what they work for.
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Consequence of having so many demands?
It confused people and left them disorganised.
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Reasons for failure?
1)Bad leadership. 2) Government were too powerful. 3) They were too heavily associated with violence. 4) Demanding too much, too soon. 5) The press was against them. 6)They couldn't agree between moral and physical force.
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Other general reasons for failure?
Were working class. As economy got better, less people supported the Chartists.
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Why were people facing poverty?
Unemployement. Overcrowding. Disease. Low wages.
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Attitudes to Poverty in the 19th Century?
Seen as the fault of an individual and therefore not anyone else's responsibility. 'Laissez faire' attitude.
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What was Laissez faire?
Believed that the Government shouldn't take action and there should be no change and they should leave the poor law alone.
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What was the Elizabethan poor law?
Another name for the Old Poor Law of 1601.
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What was the roundsmen system?
Overseerers took paupers to different ratepayers in turn. The ratepayers were then forced to employ them for 3p a day plus food. The parish added another 2p.
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What was the poor rate?
Paid by property owners for the upkeep of the poor.
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What was the house of correction/early workhouse?
In some parishes, the poor had to complete some work before being given help in buildings, these places had the reputation of being "soft" on the poor.
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What was the Speenhamland System?
This gave paupers a guaranteed income based on the size of their family and the cost of a loaf of bread, whether they worked or not.
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What was a Parish?
Local village or district responsible for it's own poor.
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What was an Overseer?
A local unpaid official who collected the poor rate and distributed to the poor according to particular method favoured by his parish.
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What was outdoor relief?
Any system where the poor were given money, food, fuel or work, making it possible for them to remain in their own homes.
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What is a pauper?
Anyone who received poor law assistance.
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Who were the able bodied poor?
Healthy adults who could not support their own families.
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What was a labour rate?
System which required ratepayers to employ and pay wages to set number of paupers, dependent on the size of their property.
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What did ratepayers argue about the speenhamland system?
Causing laziness. Drink. Selfishness. Costing us too much. Britains suffering.
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What did paupers day about the speenhamland system?
Low wages. Life is hard. Drinking is only desperation, prevents starvation. Poor work hard.
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Why did the swing riots occur in 1830?
Workers wanted higher wages.
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What did rioters do in the swing riots?
Threatening letters. Barns were burnt. Haystacks and fences also destroyed. Met in large numbers to intimidate farmers. No one killed or injured by 1 farmer thrown in the pond.
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What action did the government take?
505 people transported. 644 imprisoned. 800 let go (could not find them). 19 executed. 7 fined. 1 whipped.
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What happened in the new poor law amendment act 1834?
Outdoor relief was abolished, except in exceptional circumstances. All able bodied people had to go into a workhouse for relief. Two principles applied to make sure the workhouses gave out the right message?
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What were the two new principles applied?
Uniformity - All the same. Less Eligibility - This meant that conditions in the workhouse had to be made worse than those of the lowest paid workers, outside the workhouse.
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What was the rate payers view on whether the New poor law worked?
It worked. It got the poor off the streets. Made the poor work and discouraged laziness.
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What was the poors view on whether the New poor law worked?
No it didn't. Terrible treatment, food etc. Humiliated them. Destroyed family life.
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Why did the new poor law not completely end outdoor relief?
In some places, especially rural areas, there wasn't enough workhouses for everyone and they still had to be dealt with in other ways.
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2 positive things about the workhouses?
Kids received an education and the elderly/sick were looked after.
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Why did the new poor law not end poverty?
It didn't tackle the real causes of poverty e.g Low wages, Unemployment, old age etc.
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Why was there a problem with working conditions in the 1830's?
Rumours of horrible practices in the workplace especially involving children. No inspections of any work areas. No employment laws. Still at the start of the industrial revolution so industrial conditions were still unknown.
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What was the evidence of the Royal commissions into child labour in the textile mills? -1830's + 40's
Children lost body parts. Children treated "terribly". Stench was intolerable. 15 hour shifts. Deformity. Too much dust. No breaks. They were tired.
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What was the evidence of the Royal commissions into child labour in chimney sweeps?
They developed calluses. They were starved. Lung damage, breathing in smoke. No use by the time they got to 9. Children got stuck up there.
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What was the evidence of the Royal commissions into child labour in the mines?
No fresh air or daylight. Poisonous gases about. Swollen knees, bruised ribs, broken fingers, bleeding heads. The weight on the girls waist would stop her from having babies.
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What was the evidence of the Royal commissions into child labour in agriculture?
Small children (3-4 years) would earn 2p a week. Worked throughout daylight. No protection from weather. Disease brought on by dampness. A gang system led to, too much abuse. Evidence of kids being beaten. Work was physically demanding.
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What was the 1833 factory act?
No children under 9 to work in the factories. Children between 9 and 13 could only work 9 hours. 2 hours a day of education had to be provided. 4 factory inspectors were appointed.
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What was the 1842 Mines act?
No women or children under 10 could work underground. Mine inspectors appointed.
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What was the 1844 Factory act?
No women to work more than 12 hours a day. Machines to be made safer.
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What was the 1847 Ten hour act?
Maximum ten-hour day for all women and workers under 18.
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What was the 1850 factory act?
Machines could only operate between 6am and 6pm.
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What was a Sunday school and its strengths and limitations?
Taught children manners + reading. Learn the bible. S- Keeps noisy children off the streets. Learn proper respects. L- It's not compulsory. Only taught one religion.
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What was a Voluntary school and its strengths and limitations?
Non conformists school. S- Learnt a bit of reading and writing. L- Had to pay. Children weren't working.
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What was a Ragged school and its strengths and limitations?
Aimed at the poor. S- Helped those most in need. Free. L- Weren't enough for all children in need.
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What was a Poor law school and its strengths and limitations?
Workhouse children attended. S- Learned to read and write. L- Still had to work and still based on religion.
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What was a Factory school and its strengths and limitations?
1 hour education. No strengths. L- No teachers or facilities.
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Why did the Government start to concern itself with education?
It meant they had social conform and could teach the kids what they wanted them to know to avoid revolution.
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Why were the chartists concerned about the education?
They were being taught that they are created by God to suffer poverty and by suffering they will enter heaven.
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Elizabeth Fry's new prison rules?
A matron be appointed for supervising the women. Women be engaged in needle work, knitting or any other suitable work. No begging, swearing or immoral conversation etc. Women be divided into classes and a monitor appointed in each class.
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Why did some people oppose to her ideas?
Believed prisons were for punishments only.
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Who was Lord Shaftesbury?
Born the son of a wealthy landowner. Wanted to help the worst cases of abuse. Motivated by religion.
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What changes did Shaftesbury make in the mines?
In 1840, he convinced parliament that they should set up a royal commission to look into working conditions in the mines.
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What changes did Shaftesbury make for chimney sweeps?
In 1867, became chairman of the climbing boys society. Fought to stop young boys sweeping chimneys.
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What changes did Shaftesbury make with factories?
Cut down the working hours of young children. Helped to make the factories a safer place to work in.
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What changes did Shaftesbury make in the Lunatic Asylum?
Provided for better treatment for mental patients. Tourists would pay an admission fee and spend hours teasing inmates.
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Problems in Industrial Towns?
Overcrowding. Population. Poor housing. Poor hygiene. Pollution. Sewage. Dirty drinking water.
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What was miasma?
Bad air. Believed to be the cause of disease. People burnt tar in the streets to avoid the smell.
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Why was the 1848 Public health act passed?
Cholera struck fear. Fast killer. Public concern over cholera increased pressure on the government act. Introduction of recording births, deaths and marriages meant authorities were more aware of mortality rates and causes of death. -1836.
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What did Edwin Chadwick propose?
Edwin Chadwick employed by Poor Law Commission to investigate conditions suggested that bad sanitation led to disease and disease led to poverty so improving would cut the cost of supporting the poor.
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What was the impact of the 1848 act?
Encouraged opposition from tax payers. Few cities made improvements as it was not compulsory. Killer disease like cholera retured in 1848 and 54. Rich still lived longer than the poor.
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What did the 1848 act encourage people to do?
Encouraged local Boards of Health to be set up to appoint a Medical Officer, provide sewers, inspect lodging houses and check food which was offered for sale.
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Which factors brought about the 1875 act?
Public pressure - most men now had the vote. Repeated cholera outbreaks - John snow made links between cholera and contaminated water. Pasteurs Germ Theory 1861 proved germs caused disease - more pressure. Great stink 1858 forced parliament to move.
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What was the 1875 Public Health Act?
Local Authorities had to provide fresh water supplies. Local Authorities had to provide drainage and sewage. Appointed medical officers to monitor health.
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What did John Snow say about Conditions?
Blamed rotting vegetables and dead animals for corrupting the air. Rubbish had to be collected .
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Impact of Chadwicks work?
(+) Began the idea of public intervention in public health. (-) Everything got flushed into the Thames. Made conditions worse.
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Who was John Snow and what did he say?
A middle class doctor, ex surgeon. Said cholera could not be transmitted by miasma as it affected the guts not the lungs.
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What did Snow do?
Wanted to prove it's water born. Created a spot map to represent where the deaths had taken place. In 1854, observed that all the victims took their water from the broad street pump. People did not die in the workhouse where they had their own pump.
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What was the impact of Snow's work?
(+) Explained the worst diseases of the 19th century. (-) People rejected snows ideas.
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Who was Bazalgette and what did he do?
Middle class engineer. Built 83 miles of sewers and removed sewage. Removed Cholera. Fast flowing water was flushed into the Thames.
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Why did people emigrate?
The famine in Ireland 1846-50. High food prices. Chance of a new life. Unemployment.To escape debt.
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Why was there a famine in Ireland?
Potatoes began to get blighted so people couldn't eat them. So many people died because the conditions were bad on the ship and disease was getting passed around.
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Why was better transport needed?
Turn pike roads- you had to pay for them. Canals- You could only go 5mph and the food would go bad by the time it reached it's destination. Horses- Couldn't carry heavy loads. People usually didn't got 2m away from where they lived.
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Why was the Manchester and Liverpool Railway built?
Sending goods was expensive and was very slow and bad weather affected it. Wanted to establish good communication between one of the greatest ports in the world.
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Short term effects of the railways?
Factories grow. More jobs created. More goods produced and trade increases. Better communication.
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Long term effects of the railways?
Overcrowding. Public health problems. Pollution. Industrial growth.
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Why were some people against the railways?
Affect on local agriculture. Went through land. Dividing the population. Effect on animals.
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Card 2

Front

How violent was the Peterloo Massacre?

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11 Killed and 400 injured.

Card 3

Front

Why did people argue that the Peterloo Massacre was not a riot?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Why did the government argue that the Peterloo Massacre was a riot?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What happened as a result of the Peterloo Massacre?

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Preview of the front of card 5
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