Brain and Behaviour, psychology 101

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  • Created by: Clare
  • Created on: 16-05-15 20:59
What is Agnosia?
Inability to recognise objects and people.
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What is Aphasia?
Incorrectly pronounces names/ objects/ people.
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What is Apraxia?
Inability to Generate well learned acts eg. getting dressed.
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What is the 'Phantom Boarder' delusion?
Seeing your reflection and thinking it is someone else.
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What is beta-amyloid?
A small piece of a larger protein called amyloid precursor protein (APP)
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How are gated ionic channels opened and closed?
Changes in membrane potential
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To date, all alzheimer's therapies focus on what?
Cholinergic functions
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What causes 50% of dementias?
Alzheimer's Disease
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Alzheimer's Disease is treated with cholinesterase, the key enzyme in the breakdown of which neurotransmitter?
Acetylcholine
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How can neurotransmitters open/close gated ionic channels on the post-synaptic neurone?
Neurotransmitters bind to receptors.
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In which degenerative disease does Myelin decay?
Multiple Sclerosis.
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What is the function of sensory neurons?
They detect external stimulation eg, light or touch.
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How do the tau tangles damage the cell?
Mictrotubles disintegrate, collapsing the neuron transport.
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What is the function of dendrites?
Increases receptor surface area of the neuron.
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Beta-amyloid deposition destroys which particular neurons?
Cholinergic neurons.
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What is echolalia?
repetition of words and phrases.
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Which other internal ion maintains the cell negativity?
A- protein ions.
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How do beta-amyloid plaques form in Alzheimer's disease?
Amyloid precursor protein sticks to the neuron membrane. Enzymes cut the APP into fragments, including beta-amyloid, which comes together in clumps.
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Why is the cell electrically negative at rest?
The concentration of sodium ions is greater on the outside so the outside is more positive therefore the inside is more negative.
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What are the 2 most likely culprits of Alzheimer's disease?
Plaques and Tangles
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Where is the anterior of the brain?
Towards the nose end of a vertebrate.
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What is the role of the nucleus in the cell body?
It manufactures proteins.
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Where is the ventral of the brain?
Towards the bottom of the head.
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Where is the posterior of the brain?
Towards the back of the head.
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Mictrotubles, which give neurons structure, are stabilised by which protein?
Tau
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What would a sagittal section of the brain be like?
Cutting an apple in half.
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Where is the dorsal of the brain?
Towards the top of the head.
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What are neurons covered in?
Thousands of synapses.
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Ridges between fissures and sulci are called what?
Gyri
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Why are cell bodies white?
Due to the fatty covering of myelin sheath on the axons.
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What are neurons often insulated with?
Myelin
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True or false- the limbic system is responsible for fear and emotions?
True
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What is Alzheimer's Disease?
An irreversible brain disease that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills.
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What separates sound waves which occur at once?
Pitch
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What is frequency selectivity?
The ability of the auditory system to separate different frequency components.
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Acetylcholine is an example of what?
A neurotransmitter
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What does slicing through the brain show?
the cortex which resembles a dark outer shell (grey matter) and white matter which consists of cell bodies and dendrites.
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Which side is the rostral?
Towards the front of the face.
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The shadowing effect is an example of what kind of cue?
Intensity cue.
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Positively charged potassium ions enter the cell causing what?
Depolarisation
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What is the all-or-nothing law?
The AP threshold needs to be reached.
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What do the inner hair cells release then the stereocilia are bent in one direction?
Neurotransmitters
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What is the peripheral nervous system NOT made up of
central nerves
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What is the most common type of neuron?
Multipolar neuron
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What is the main benefit of neurons being myelinated?
Increases speed of conduction
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What is the Capgras delusion?
Believing a family member has been replaced by an imposter.
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What is not a neuropsychiatric feature of dementia?
Restless leg syndrome
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Small furrows in the brain are known as what?
Sulci
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Is the mapping from the spinal cord fixed
NO- it changes constantly
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Why does the brain float in CSF?
To protect it
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What is NOT a layer of the brain?
Dorsal Mater
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What is the function of the motor cortex?
Generalisation of finger movements
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Which creature is the Hippocampus shaped like?
Sea Horse
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The amygdala is responsible for what?
Emotional behaviour
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What forms the largest region of the brain?
Cerebral Hemispheres
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What does the presynaptic area contain?
Synaptic vesicles which store neurotransmitters
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When do on-centre cells have increased firing rates?
When they are illuminated in the centre only
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How many different shaped neurons are there in a mammal brain?
at least 200
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Where is the medial?
Towards the midline of the body
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Where is the caudal?
Away from the front of the face
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Where is the lateral?
Away from the midline of the body
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What is the function of the visual cortex?
To see
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What would a horizontal section of the brain be like?
cutting a bread roll to make a burger
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What would a coronal section if the brain be like?
Slicing bread
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Approximately, how many neurons do humans have?
100-150
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Large furrows in the brain are known as what?
Fissures
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What is the largest descending fibre tract?
Dorsolateral Corticospinal Tract
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Which other external ions help maintain cell negativity?
Chloride ions
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When is action potential trigured?
When the critical threshold is reached
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When an action potential is trigured, what happens to the cell membrane?
it becomes depolarised
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How does protein tau cause tangles?
It is chemically changed and tau pairs with other threads of tau and they become tangled
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What is the largest track which connects the two hemispheres?
Corpus Callosum
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What does presnyaptic activity trigger?
Release of vesicle
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What type of neuron is in the cerebellum?
Purkinje
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True or false- Alzheimer's disease is part of normal ageing?
False
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What is the function of the auditory cortex and temporal lobe?
listening to music
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what are the characteristics of a unipolar neuron?
one axon, no dendrites
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what is another name for the presynaptic area?
Bouton
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what is the ratio at which potassium ions are pumped into the cell and sodium ions out?
3:2
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Where does vesicle dock?
in the presynaptic membrane
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what happens in the postsynaptic terminal?
pockets of neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft and float to the postsynaptic membrane
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true or false- the rest of the nerve cell is polarised?
true
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what does the neuronal membrane contain?
a fatty substance which prevents water and soluble substances from crossing?
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How do proteins reach the presynaptic terminal?
through the internal transport system that each cell has
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what is the internal system called?
axonal transport
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what is hyperpolarisation?
if more positively charged atoms leave than enter and the cell becomes more negative
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what prevents the escape of intracellular contents and invasion of extracellular stuff?
neuronal membrane
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what is depolarisation?
if more positively charged atoms enter than leave
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what is electrical current carried by?
charged atoms
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what do proteins do?
build neurotransmitters
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What does NOT happen if the neurotransmitter key 'fits'?
it locks
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what is the prevalence of dementia for 80+ year olds in the UK
20%
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In Alzheimer's disease, where do amyloid plaques accumulate?
in the extracellular space between neurons
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what are ganglia?
clusters of nerve cells
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what does the post synaptic membrane contain?
specific receptors for different neurotransmitters
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what type of neuron is in the thalamus?
association
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what is the function of motor neurons?
send axons to muscle to make it contract or extend
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is our peripheral vision blurred or clear?
blurred
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what type of neuron is in the spinal cord?
motor neuron
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what is the function of interneurons?
pass info from one neuron to another
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what are the characteristics of a bipolar neuron?
single axon and single dendrite
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which is the most common neuron?
interneurons
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what is the retina-genuculate- striate pathway made up of?
4 parvocellular layers and 2 magnocellular layers
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what type of neuron is in the cortex?
pyramidal
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what type of neuron is in the skin?
somatosensory
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what does the process of vision produce?
partial, selective and transient descriptions of the environment
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how does the brain construct visual images?
through resolving the symetries
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is our foveal vision blurred or sharp and colourful?
sharp and colourful
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how does the brain produce coherent perceptions?
through modularity or distributed processing
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where does the principle of modularity apply to?
posterior parietal areas
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how do we perceive the size of an object or person?
our perceptual vision uses depth cues
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what is the cortex formed by?
sulci
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what is the output of the retina conveyed by?
retinal ganglion cells
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what is modularity or distributed processing?
the idea that perception is achieved by multiple visual areas which process specific aspects of the visual world.
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what shape receptive fields do neurons in retinal ganglion cells have
circular
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how do retinal ganglion cells work?
their axons form the optic nerve which projects the LGN to the thalamus
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what is the receptive field of a visual neuron?
the area where the visual stimulus can influence the firing of the neuron
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why are the receptive fields of LGN neurons monocular?
The left and right LGN receives inputs from both eyes but in different layers
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How does the basal ganglia control motor behaviour?
Ganglia are tightly interconnected and they receive information from different regions in the cerebral cortex and return info to the motor cortex.
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In the sematic sensory and olfactory systems, what are the sensory receptors?
Primary sensory neurons.
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What in the central nervous system has a receptive field?
Sensory receptors and sensory neurons
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What happens when sound waves enter the ear canal?
it causes the eardrum to vibrate
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The outer hair cells input energy into the motion of the membrane which increases sensitivity and enhances frequency tuning. What is this mechanism called?
Active Mechanism
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How do you create a complex sound waves?
Add sunisodial sound waves (pure tones)
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Regular neural activity gives rise our sensation of what?
Pitch
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What scale measures sound
Decibel Scale
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How fast does sound travel in air?
330 m/s
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What runs the length of the cochlea and each part of it is differently tuned?
Basilar Membrane
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What is phase-locking?
When auditory nerve fibres produce spikes that are synchronised to the vibration of the basilar membrane
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What is the frequency range of audible sounds?
20Hz- 20,000Hz
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What happens if you increase the frequency of the vibrations?
The higher the frequency of the sound waves
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Where does frequency selectivity and separation occur?
Basilar Membrane
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Binaural cues are based on the relative intensities of sound waves at the two ears and what other factor?
Time of arrival when the sound waves reach the two ears
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Do sounds at higher elevations have a longer or shorter reflected path?
Shorter reflected path
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Do sounds at higher evaluations have a higher or lower frequency?
Higher frequency
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What happens in the cochlea?
vibrations are transduced into electrical neural impulses
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What does the Pinna do?
modifies sound entering the ear depending on the direction of the sound
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What do the motor cortical areas NOT do?
watch movement
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True or false- sound reaches each ear at different times?
True
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What sound and above is dangerous to constantly hear
85dB
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Because of which effect is a sound to the right more intense in the right ear more intense than the left ear?
Shadowing effect
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How are hair celled organised?
one row of inner hair cells and 3 rows of outer hair cells
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Hair cells are organised along what?
Basilar membrane
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when the stereocilia are bent in one direction, tip links stretch and do what?
open ion channels
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what happens in the neuronal membrane?
cytoplasm fills the dendrites and the cell body which enables electrical transmittion
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When the basilar membrane vibrates up and down and hair cells are bent from side to side, this is the first stage of which process?
transduction
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if you increase a sound by 10dB, how much louder is the sound
2x
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Where does the dorsal premotor cortex form a circuit with?
superior parietal regions
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what do areas of the posterior parietal cortex and somatosensory corticles and parts of the prefrontal cortex do?
guide and control movement
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in the membrane potential, what will the internal side be measured as in relation to the external side?
negative
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where does the ventral premotor cortex form a circuit with?
inferior parietal regions
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What actions does the premotor cortex mediate?
Externally guided actions
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Where does the posterior parietal cortex NOT receive input from?
motor system,njjhhh
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Where is a lot of the output of the posterior parietal cortex transmitted to?
Parieto-premotor circuits
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What is the function of the posterior parietal cortex?
it integrates the sensory information relevant for spatially orientatedd behaviour
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what is NOT included in the motor cortical areas?
primary visual cortex
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What type of actions occur in the supplementary motor area?
internally guided actions
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where is the lowest level of the motor system in the central nervous system?
spinal cord
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true or false- cortical maps are modifiable?
TRUE
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where do descending motor pathways originate?
primary motor cortex
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where has a map of the body for each submodality of somatosensation?
the cortex
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how is sensory information transmitted from one neuron to the next?
through relay nuclei
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where do parallel pathways converge?
cerebral cortex
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what is a relay for most pathways to the cerebral cortex?
thalamus
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what are sections of the skin called?
dermatomes
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what does not come under Sherrington's category of exteroceptors?
interreceptors
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what comes under sherrington's category of interoceptors?
visceral sensitivity
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what is NOT processed by both the ventral and dorsal stream?
colour
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what did Haxley et al (1991) use to confirm Ungerleider and Mishkin's theory
brain imaging and dichotomy
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what did Glickstein and May (1982) use to confirm Goodale and Milner's theory?
output analysis
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what does V1 NOT represent in the visual array?
size
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what input do complex cells have?
binocular
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what type of input do simple cells have?
monocular input
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what do hyper-collumns show?
all orientations for both eyes
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does a complex cell have a larger receptive field than simple cells?
yes
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how many layers are there in the v1
6
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is the fovea represented over or underproportionately?
over
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how many areas did Brodmann (1909) divide the brain into?
52
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what do retinal ganglion cells do?
convey the output of the retina
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what is the m channel in the LGN responsible for?
higher light sensitivity
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what is the p channel in the LGN NOT responsible for?
colour vision
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how is the v1 organised?
reintopically
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Card 2

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What is Aphasia?

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Incorrectly pronounces names/ objects/ people.

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What is Apraxia?

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Card 4

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What is the 'Phantom Boarder' delusion?

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Card 5

Front

What is beta-amyloid?

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