Brain Development and Plasticity ( Part 3) 0.0 / 5 ? BiologyThe Vulnerable Developing Brain / Cortical plasticityUniversityNone Created by: AnjelalaCreated on: 14-12-17 04:33 What is brain development determined by ? -Largely by Intrinsic Factors -Extrinsic Factors especially during early development 1 of 23 What are examples of Intrinsic factors? - Genes ( Genotype determined at fertilisation like down syndrome) 2 of 23 What are examples of Extrinsic factors? -Drugs and toxins - Early or later life experiences 3 of 23 What can Alcohol consumption during pregnancy result in ? -FAS ( Fetal Alcohol Syndrome) 4 of 23 What are 7 symptoms of Fetal Alcohol syndrome? - Decreased alertness -hyperactivity -Facial abnormalities -mental retardation-motor problems -heart defects 5 of 23 How does Fetal Alcohol syndrome affect children's dendrites? - Children born with FSA have dendrites that are short with few branches 6 of 23 What is Glutamate? - Main excitatory transmitter 7 of 23 How is an infant's brain affected by Fetal alcohol syndrome? Release of glutamate is suppressed by alcohol, leading to neurons receiving less excitation, leading to apoptosis of the neurones 8 of 23 What are the effects of cocaine/cigarette consumption during pregnancy ? -Attention deficit -Hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) 9 of 23 Is Cortical plasticity Limited ? The brain has some limited ability to reorganise itself in response to experience. 10 of 23 How does Axons and dendrites relate to cortical plasticity? Dendrites and Axons continually modify their connections and structure throughout their lifetime 11 of 23 How does Dendrites relate to cortical plasticity ? -Dendrites continually grow new spines - Loss / gain of spines are due to new connections which relates to learning 12 of 23 What are 2 Extrinsic factors of Cortical plasticity ? -Experience -Exercise 13 of 23 Explain the extrinsic factor of experience on cortical plasticity ? Dendritic branching and number of synapses in brain is affected by experience in form of stimulating environment. 14 of 23 What are some plasticity of Cortical Representations? -Loss of input in Amputation -brain adaptation in people Blind since infancy -Brain adaptation with music training. 15 of 23 what can loss of input in amputation cause? and how ? ( cortical representation ) -Phantom Pain - Caused due to cortex reorganising itself ,following amputation, by becoming responsive to other parts of body . 16 of 23 What happens to axons in the case of phantom pain? ( Cortical representation) -Original axons degenerate -leaving vacant synapses - axons sprout from vacant synapses 17 of 23 What is phantom limb? Continuation of sensation of amputated body part 18 of 23 When might phantom limb be experienced ? -When other parts of the body are stimulated (touch of face can cause experience of phantom arm) 19 of 23 How can the experience of phantom limb be reduced? - Using an artificial limb 20 of 23 What can be caused when brain reorganisation goes too far? - Focal Hand Dystonia - Fingers become clumsy , fatigue easily, make involuntary movements . 21 of 23 How does Focal Hand Dystonia occur ? -touch responses to one fingers overlap those of another - caused by the extensive reorganisation of the sensory thalamus and cortex 22 of 23 What can reduce the symptoms of Focal Hand Dystonia ? -Sensorimotor retuning reduces symptoms and modifies brain circuitry 23 of 23
Comments
No comments have yet been made