BQ1 CAUSES FLASHCARDS TUDOR REBELLIONS

What was the main dynastic aim of Lovel's rebellion

Overthrow king and replace with unspecified Yorkist claimant

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Who was Lovel?

former yorkist lord chamberlain working with Humphrey and Thomas stafford

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Who did Simnel pretend to be

Earl of Warwick

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Who supported simnel because of dynastic issues and why

Earl of Lincoln dissatisfied with position at court despite being in the royal council and Lieutenant of Ireland because RIII had named him as heir,Lovel and Margaret of Burgundy diehard opponents Earl of Kildare + 40 Irish nobles thought theyd gain

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How was the Yorkshire rebellion somewhat dynastic

Yorkshire was an area which sympathised with the Yorkists, this was Henry’s main fear as it is still early in his reign at this point

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Who did Warbeck pretend to be and who supported him

Duke of York, Scotland + France + Burgundy

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Which dynastic issues contributed to POG?

Divorce of Catherine of Aragon/ disinheritance of Mary alarmed nobles. Concern H would determine succession through his will rather than parliament. If he did this the title would pass over to scotland through his sister Margaret (wife of James IV)

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Which dynastic issues caused Northumberland to rebel? (LJG)

Edward IV ‘Devise’ (disinheritance of Mary and Elizabeth in favour of Lady Jane Grey) also aimed to exclude Mary from the succession which triggered Northumberland as he wanted to hold onto his power.

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Which dynastic issues caused Wyatt to rebel?

Disagreed with Mary marriage to Philip of Spain - lack of trust Feared the likely exclusion of princess Elizabeth to the throne. Rebels never admitted they wanted to overthrow mary but the prospect of having a spanish monarch ruling england = no go

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What were the main dynastic/ succession reasons for the NE rebellion?

Wanted rights of Mary Queen of Scots as claimant acknowledged bc Elizabeth unmarried and childless but refused to acknowledge her claim. Earls not try to bring about succession prematurely though?

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What dynastic reasons did Essex have to rebel?

Wanted to endear himself to the heir presumptive James VI of Scotland. Could be known as ‘kingmaker’ if convince the queen to get rid of her current councillors

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Who was named as evil council in the Cornish rebellion?

Reginald Bray and John Morton = evil. Better policies if removed

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Who did protestors in Suffolk complain about in 1525?

Cardinal Wolsey

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Who were the councillors blamed in the POG and why?

Cromwell Cranmer Audley and Rich were targets in Ballards and manifestos written by the pilgrims. Each of these men had come from a place of low birth and had gotten into power due to their own skills. Rebels believed they were out for own gain only

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What were the previous positions of Cromwell, Cranmer, Audley and Rich?

Cromwell had been a merchant, Cranmer was a Cambridge academic, Audley was the town clerk in Colchester, Rich was a Welsh lawyer. Lord Darcy especially blamed Cromwell

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How did factions help cause POG?

Some of those who have been involved in Catherine of Aragon’s court now became involved in the rebellion as they had lost influence because of the divorce eg Dymoke, Willoughby, Hussey

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Who became leaders of the POG and what was one of their actions?

In Yorkshire Lord Darcy absent himself from debates in Parliament concerning the act of succession to avoid arrest + Sir Robert Constable opposed the divorce. Darcy + Constable = became leaders

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Who was the councillor the Northern Earls wanted gone and why?

Northumberland and Westmorland wanted to overthrow William Cecil who was the queen’s secretary. They held Cecil responsible for ill-advised Political religious and foreign policies and the uncertainties surrounding the succession.

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What was the Northern Earls plan?

They planned to use the Duke of Norfolk ( Westmorlands brother-in-law) to marry Mary Queen of Scots which would ensure the continuity of Catholicism

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What was another reason Northumberland had to rebel? (NE)

Northumberland was 70 years old and was no longer a political Force in the North. he resented seeing his wardenship of the middlemarch go to a local rival

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How was Essex in a bad position in 1601 - factions

Essex was falling out of influence eg suspended from the Privy Council, banned from court, bad finances so so couldn't provide clients with patronage Rebelled as wanted to regain favour which he thought he could due to his popularity - failed.

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How was Cecil in better favour than Essex in 1601?

n a powerful position as master of the court of wards, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster - his clients got lots of influence and patronage

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How did government intervention play a part in the Cornish and Western rebellions

Felt they should be treated different to rest of country - other language etc.

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How did government intervention help cause Kett's rebellion?

thought they were being ruled by strangers - draining their wealth and sending it to London. Traditional nobility had less of a say in how counties north of river Trent governed. Stewardships + Wardenships etc taken out of control + given to others

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Which rebellions both wanted a parliament in the north to address issues? (never happened)

POG, Northern Earls

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How did gov intervention trigger Silken Thomas rebellion?

Cromwell favouring Kildare rivals for gov offices so his influence declined + Kildare imprisoned when called to london

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What was Silken Thomas' father called to London to discuss with Henry?

Act in restraint of appeals and the break from Rome

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How did Elizabeth's intervention trigger O'Neill's rebellion?

Queen recognise as captain of Tyrone but not good enough so plotted with Charles IX of France + Mary Queen of Scots under religious claims

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How did government intervention trigger Fitzgerald's 1st rebellion?

Munster, resented attempts by Elizabeth to colonise Ireland and her use of Martial law to try to stop O’Niell’s rebellion. Annoyed his uncle had been put in the tower for feuding + Hated growing plantations and english brutality

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How was Fitzgerald's 2nd rebellion still somewhat politically focused?

More religious but still some politics as rallied catholic irishmen against english rule. Pope gave blessing

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Why did English intervention in Ireland rally the people to want to support Tyrone?

Owners of plantations in Connaught and Munster raised rents, claimed land to which they were not entitled and bribed juries.Gov policies of compositions(taxes paid instead of serving in the military), protestant churches + seizing land from attainted

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What annoyed Tyrone personally to want to rebel?

Tyrone raised in the household of the Earl of Leicester so defended English garrisons at first but lack of reward triggered him to rebel. Rebellion broke out when the English refused to give him the right to govern the whole of Ulster – 12 counties

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What did rebels from louth and horncastle request (POG?)

Rebels from Louth and Horncastle requested that the abbeys should be preserved and wanted guarantees that their parish churches would not be closed as well.

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What were the main concerns from the dissolution of the monasteries?

education for the poor and children would Decline and spiritual teaching from the monks would disappear therefore motivating many people to protest. September 1536, monks encourage people to protest and assist in restoring the monasteries.

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Describe the act of 10 articles (POG)

drawn up by Henry in 1536 July stressed the importance of baptism etc but put less significance on confirmation, marriage, holy orders, and the Last Rites.

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How did the government interfere in the POG?

- Government interfered with saints, pilgrimages and holy days which meant a lot to the people.

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What actions of the rebels signify religion was a main cause in the POG?

5 wounds of christ banner, Called to restore clerical privileges eg exemption from tax. All showing they were against Cromwell’s reforms since 1535 especially his role in the divorce and break from Rome.

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What was the act of supremacy and why did it anger POG rebels?

Act recognising Henry as head of the Church of England. Rebels claimed this was contrary to God's law

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Name 2 specific area's problems causing their involvement in the POG?

Cumberland hated tithes (payments made by the laity to the parish church of one tenth of their agricultural profits or personal income) and the poor quality of many priests Lancashire/ Yorkshire - dissolution. Lincolnshire - fear of parishes attacked

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What were the main religious grievances of the Western rebels?

13/14 articles addressed religious grievances - restoration not reformation. Rejected new english prayer book calling it a ‘christmas game’. Rejected new english bible and revised liturgy (order of church services) 1547

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What were the demands of the Western rebels?

return of papal relics and images, restoration of chantries, latin mass with bread only, 2 monasteries in each county, a return to the 1539 Act of Six Articles (upholding orthodox catholic faith which remained in force until 1547)

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Name one thing both POG and Western rebels did

Carried banner of 5 wounds of christ signifying it was a religious themed 'journey'

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What were the subsidiary religious aims of Kett's rebellion?

Speed up protestantism - bishop of Norwich = old and unsympathetic to radicalised reforms. Felt quality of ministers not good enough to advance the reformation. Norfolk anticlerical anyways.

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What was one of Kett's rebels religious grievances?

Resented priests who got involved in the property market as it was felt they should be devoting all of their time to religion

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What were the religiously focused demands of the Kett rebels?

Rebels wanted a better and more educated resident clergy, competent teaching of the catachysm and prymer for children and good quality sermons.

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What actions of Kett rebels signify a religious element to the rebellion?

Conducted daily sermons using the new prayer book under the tree of reformation at Mousehold Heath to show religious commitment.

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Why was there such little religious element to Wyatt's rebellion?

The main aim of Wyatt’s rebellion was not regime change, but to force a change of policy – specifically, to prevent Mary’s planned “Spanish marriage” to Philip II. This was feared far more than her Catholicism in itself.

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Name one area of Wyatt's rebellion that suggests somewhat of a religious cause?

Kent strongly protestant so feared going back to catholicism. Also in Maidstone which gave 78 rebels

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What factors of the NE rebellion suggest it was more religious?

Northumberland and Westmorland were both Catholic Both hated the newly appointed Protestant Bishop Pilkington in Durham Proclamations suggest there was widespread Catholic sentiment.

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Name some further reasons regarding the North that suggest the NE rebellion was religious

many northern families remained Catholic despite Elizabethan rules that said you had to attend church regularly or be fined 5p a week. some paid the fine others wanted protection from JP's who a lot of the time were also Catholic.

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What involvement did religion play in Silken Thomas' rebellion?

Henry ordered Earl of Kildare to discuss break with Rome and Act in Restraint of Appeals Thomas called on catholic church to support him and condemned the religious reforms

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What involvement did religion play in O'Neill's rebellion?

Claimed to be a true defender of the faith

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What involvement did religion play in Fitzgerald's 2nd rebellion?

Returned from Rome and saw the Bull of Excommunication (freed catholics from obeying her and allowed them to overthrow her) against Elizabeth Before 1570 little effort made by English officials to enforce Protestantism but use anyway eg pope blessing

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What involvement did religion play in Tyrone's rebellion?

Establishment of protestant churches at expense of the catholics fuelled resentment.

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How was taxation a main cause of the Yorkshire rebellion?

Didnt feel they should have to contribute to the 100,000 pounds asked for in tax as the south traditionally funded wars with France. Northumberland, Westmorland, Cumberland were exempt due to lots of poverty which annoyed people

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Who collected the Yorkshire tax and why did this fuel rebellion?

Henry percy would lead the tax commission but he was very unpopular Bad harvest in 1488 so even more annoyed

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How was taxation a main cause of the Cornish rebellion?

Didnt want to contribute to the 60,000 pounds asked of them. Scotland very far away geographically so they didnt really need to pay for protection, this was usually done via scutage or land tax in the north.

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How was the Cornish tax innovative?

60,000 was a further grant on top of fifteenths and tenths which would only be collected if a war actually broke out

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What were the actions of Wolsey leading up to the Amicable grant?

had not repaid the £260,000 of forced loans he had raised in 1522, caused anger Wolsey had the system of collecting taxes based on income, land and personal assets - collecting whichever of those had the highest tax

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What did Wolsey do in 1523?

tried to get a parliament vote of a subsidy for £800,000 but only raised £151,000 payable over four years. Church expected to pay £120,000

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What was the amicable grant itself and what did it demand?

Amicable grant excessively made demands on laity and clergy and ended the principal of paying a fixed rate. Many protesters paying tax for first time at rates they couldn’t afford.

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How were the clergy particularly affected by the amicable grant?

ad to pay 25% annual revenue or value of their movable goods worth less than £10, 33% if above £10

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Why was the amicable grant needed quickly

Tax needed quickly due to shortage of coinage plus rising unemployment following a fall in wool prices.

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How did tax play a minor role in the POG?

Rebels didn’t want to pay taxes of the 1534 Subsidy Act (justified taxation on the grounds of peace as well as war) Only about £80,000 subsidy but rebels claimed they could not afford it.

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Why did Somerset introduce the sheep and wool tax? (Western)

Somerset subsidy had the objective to raise a lot of money due to shortages and encourage more farmers to return their lands to tillage (prep for growing crops)

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What was the sheep and wool tax? (Western)

1d on sheep and 1/2d on each pound of woolen cloth

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Who did the sheep and wool tax affect most? (Western)

Hit poorer farmers mostly because the richer ones could just raise their prices to avoid its cost West country affected a lot as one of the biggest sheep farming reigons Tax due to be assessed 2 weeks after new prayer book introduced so annoying

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What showed enclosures had a small role in causing the POG?

Common grievance addressed in item 13 of the pontefract articles. Over 300 people at giggleswick pulled down hedges and dykes 1535. Riots in cumberland 1535 Both areas sent people the following year to rebel.

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Who was attacked during POG for enclosing lands tenants/ denying grazing rights

Earl of Cumberland

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What was the rivalry between Kett and Flowerdew?

Flowerdew = Norfolk’s feodary (officer of the court of wards who oversaw the lands of minors) unpopular which triggered rioting. Kett dismantled the fences before Flowerdew could for him

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Why did rebel demands prove kett's rebellion was triggered by enclosures

Articles 1 and 3 of the demands asked not to enclose common land, especially places where saffron was grown so that local landlords could not fold their cattle on the land

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What were the allegations made against landlords - Kett's rebellion

Allegations that landlords had been purposely obstructing a government commission into investigating illegal enclosures also sparked the peasants to react.

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How did overstocking of land lead to kett's rebellion

Also annoyed at overstocking of land even though this wasn't illegal. More annoying was the fact that when trying to raise the issue to the government they let them down - magistrates usually landowners themselves so obviously sympathised

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Which areas rose up against enclosures in 1549? Year of commotion

Somerset - disturbances when open fields turned into deer parks Wiltshire- peasants removed lord Herberts hedges he put up on common land Earl of Arundel in Essex had to make some of the gentlemen take down their hedges

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Why did increasing population cause Oxfordshire's rebellion?

Increased population levels = increased pressure for food and work so enclosures seen to cause issues especially as the price of grain rose

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Why did enclosure become the main cause of Oxforshire's rebellion

Allegations that land had been closed off, villages denied rights of pasturage/ land converted from arable to pasture spread from Devon in 1595 to Oxfordshire the following year. 1593 - gov felt safe enough to lift restrictions on enclosures

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How many harvests failed on average?

1/4

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When were the most severe harvest failures

Most severe 1596-7 and 1555-6 - this coincided with an influenza epidemic 1549-51 also saw a bad harvest which caused famine - could last for up to 2 years

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When and where were the worst outbreaks of plague?

1551, 1563, 1565+75 Bristol, Hull 1575-6 + 82 Norwich hit badly 1579-80

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When in Elizabeth's reign did food riots occur?

Food riots in last two decades of Elizabeth's reign eg Gloucestershire/ Wiltshire 1586, Kent and Essex 1595, Sussex Norfolk Kent + SW 1596. BUT none resulted in rebellion.

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Who benefitted from inflation as population rose?

Landlords, freeholders, clothiers and property investors/ hoarders of grain supplies benefitted

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Who suffered from inflation as population rose?

Wage earners, day labourers, journeymen, tenants at will etc. lost out as wages couldnt keep pace with prices and employment oppurtunities. These gave the preconditions for rebellions from 1530s-50s, 1580s-90s

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How did inflation contribute to the POG?

without the monasteries there would be no aid for the poor or those who received help from charity. Very little money actually went but his meant all the difference to those living in almshouses or in hospitals relying on dole money and alms.

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What were the monasteries used for instead (POG)

Hospitality useful to traders travelling through places such as Yorkshire/ Lancashire to ensure there was adequate shelter and provision for merchants in the north accounts for the temporary continuation of some of the smaller monasteries

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Why were monastic houses so important in the North (economically) (POG)

Monastic houses in the york played a big part in the lives of many people and at a time of rising prices many poor people turned to them for help.

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What was rack-renting and why did Aske complain about it (POG)

when a lease expired the landlord raised their rents at rates greater than the customary entry fine) eg Earl of Cumberland did this x8 and evicted tenants who couldn’t pay.

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Which rebellion wanted the right to hunt with handguns and crossbows?

Pilgrimage of Grace

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What was the statute of uses? (pog)

passed to force landowners to keep their estates as a single block rather than divide them among heirs of give some to a son or daughter. In law only the eldest could inherit land with feudal dues eg wardship payable to the crown upon inheritance

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Why did the statute of uses annoy gentry and lesser nobles?

wanted lands to be able to be divided up and transfer the legal ownership of the land to feoffes (property trustees and administrators) known as the ‘use’. Aske himself a feoffe and estate owner.

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Which of Cromwell's actions particularly angered the sons of gentry and lesser nobles? (POG)

Cromwell wanted to extract payments due to the crown and close this legal loophole of the Statue of Uses

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Which rebellion wanted to limit the size of gentry households worth 100 marks to one servant and didnt like how they were enriching themselves by purchasing Church lands (envy?). Restore catholic church and its lands to rightful owners

Western

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Which rebel actions suggest class conflict/ social factors contributed to the Western rebellion?

Shouts of ‘kill all the gentlemen’ at Bodmin Moor

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How many out of 29 of Kett's demands regarded Landlords and Enclosures

17

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What evidence is there to show a widening class gap, which Kett rebels wanted to prevent?

majority of land held by smaller number of gentry and lesser nobles in the towns but cloth industry in Norwich in decline so unemployment rose. In the country wheat prices double and people lost all confidence in the governing classes to protect them

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Why were there complaints against landlords in Kett's rebellion?

Tenants paying high rents, inquisition fines (fees paid for the enquiry into a dead person's estate who was believed to hold freehold land in chief of the crown)

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What rumours were going around during POG?

Yorkshire people thought their parish plate and jewels were going to be seized, churches destroyed, taxes on christenings marriages and burials, laws would be passed prohibiting eating of white bread, geese and chickens

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What rumours were going around during Western?

Rumours that babies would only be baptised on Sundays which could put a dying child in peril

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What rumours were going around during Wyatt?

Fear philip of spain would take over if married mary, was translated in Kent and Devon by saying over 100 armed spaniards were rumoured to have occupied Rochester in the dead of night. Rumoured in Plymouth they planned to **** all devon women

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BQ1 CAUSES FLASHCARDS TUDOR REBELLIONS

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