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6. Secondary structures are held together by which bonds?

  • Electrostatic, van der waals and ester
  • Hydrogen, electrostatic and van der waals
  • Peptide and disulphide
  • Hydrogen and peptide

7. DNA is made of which substrates?

  • Sulphate, pentose sugar and organic bases
  • Phosphate, pentose sugar and organic bases
  • Phosphate, ribose sugar and purine bases
  • Phosphate, hexose sugar and organic bases

8. RNA polymerase II transcribes which RNAs?

  • mRNA, miRNA, siRNA, snoRNA, snRNA
  • 45S rRNA, precursor 5.8S, 18S and 28S RNA
  • tRNA, 5S rRNA and other small RNA's
  • All RNAs

9. eIF4 and eIF4g are involved during translation initiation by?

  • Releases the sm.ribosomal subunit from the mRNA
  • allowing sm.ribosomal subunit to recognise and bind mRNA
  • Utilising GTP present on the Met-tRNA
  • Blocking the 5'cap from the sm.ribosomal subunit

10. Which proteins are NOT used for mRNA export from the nucleus?

  • eIF4G
  • CBC
  • Nuclear export receptor
  • Nucleus restrictive proteins

11. How does rifamycin work?

  • Binds in the exit channel of the ribosome to RNA polymerase
  • Prevents the transition from translation initiation to elongation
  • blocks initiation of RNA chains by binding to RNA polymerase
  • Blocks binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A-site

12. Which RNAs have regulatory roles?

  • miRNA and mRNA
  • tRNA and rRNA
  • miRNA and siRNA
  • snRNA and siRNA

13. Which part of the transcription complex is the trans-element?

  • Mediator protein complex
  • Activator protein
  • Enhancer
  • Chromatin remodelling proteins

14. DNA replication is?

  • conservative
  • semi conservative
  • liberal
  • non-conservation

15. Which of these events does not occur during transcription initiation?

  • DNA polymerase starts transcribing at the promoter
  • The template strand passes through active site where rNTPs are bonded together
  • DNA polymerase binds to gene promoter using transcription factors (TFs)
  • DNA strands are melted around the start site, forming a replication bubble

16. Which RNA processing has the function of protecting degradation, signifying the 3' end and aiding in export?

  • polyadenylation
  • capping
  • splicing
  • make up

17. Phosphodiester bonds form in which direction?

  • start to finish
  • back to front
  • 5' to 3'
  • 3' to 5'

18. Cofactors are:

  • Vitamins and minerals thats associate with active sites of an enzyme to increase reactivity
  • Light sensitive molecules attached to a signalling protein
  • Molecule attached to haemoglobin which binds oxygen reversibly
  • Molecules which control protein degradation

19. which RNAs make up eukaryotic ribosomes?

  • 28S, 16S, 5S
  • 28S, 18S, 5.8S, 5S
  • 23S, 18S, 5.8S, 5S
  • 23S, 16S, 5S

20. The insertion or deletion of nucleotides that disrupt the reading frame are:

  • Mismatch mutations
  • Genetic mutation
  • Frameshift mutations
  • Silent mutations