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6. Secondary structures are held together by which bonds?
- Electrostatic, van der waals and ester
- Hydrogen, electrostatic and van der waals
- Peptide and disulphide
- Hydrogen and peptide
7. DNA is made of which substrates?
- Sulphate, pentose sugar and organic bases
- Phosphate, pentose sugar and organic bases
- Phosphate, ribose sugar and purine bases
- Phosphate, hexose sugar and organic bases
8. RNA polymerase II transcribes which RNAs?
- mRNA, miRNA, siRNA, snoRNA, snRNA
- 45S rRNA, precursor 5.8S, 18S and 28S RNA
- tRNA, 5S rRNA and other small RNA's
- All RNAs
9. eIF4 and eIF4g are involved during translation initiation by?
- Releases the sm.ribosomal subunit from the mRNA
- allowing sm.ribosomal subunit to recognise and bind mRNA
- Utilising GTP present on the Met-tRNA
- Blocking the 5'cap from the sm.ribosomal subunit
10. Which proteins are NOT used for mRNA export from the nucleus?
- eIF4G
- CBC
- Nuclear export receptor
- Nucleus restrictive proteins
11. How does rifamycin work?
- Binds in the exit channel of the ribosome to RNA polymerase
- Prevents the transition from translation initiation to elongation
- blocks initiation of RNA chains by binding to RNA polymerase
- Blocks binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A-site
12. Which RNAs have regulatory roles?
- miRNA and mRNA
- tRNA and rRNA
- miRNA and siRNA
- snRNA and siRNA
13. Which part of the transcription complex is the trans-element?
- Mediator protein complex
- Activator protein
- Enhancer
- Chromatin remodelling proteins
14. DNA replication is?
- conservative
- semi conservative
- liberal
- non-conservation
15. Which of these events does not occur during transcription initiation?
- DNA polymerase starts transcribing at the promoter
- The template strand passes through active site where rNTPs are bonded together
- DNA polymerase binds to gene promoter using transcription factors (TFs)
- DNA strands are melted around the start site, forming a replication bubble
16. Which RNA processing has the function of protecting degradation, signifying the 3' end and aiding in export?
- polyadenylation
- capping
- splicing
- make up
17. Phosphodiester bonds form in which direction?
- start to finish
- back to front
- 5' to 3'
- 3' to 5'
18. Cofactors are:
- Vitamins and minerals thats associate with active sites of an enzyme to increase reactivity
- Light sensitive molecules attached to a signalling protein
- Molecule attached to haemoglobin which binds oxygen reversibly
- Molecules which control protein degradation
19. which RNAs make up eukaryotic ribosomes?
- 28S, 16S, 5S
- 28S, 18S, 5.8S, 5S
- 23S, 18S, 5.8S, 5S
- 23S, 16S, 5S
20. The insertion or deletion of nucleotides that disrupt the reading frame are:
- Mismatch mutations
- Genetic mutation
- Frameshift mutations
- Silent mutations