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6. regarding reflexes?

  • the knee jerk is an example of a stretch reflex
  • withdrawal reflexes are monosynaptic reflexes
  • a monosynaptic reflex arc involves one or more interneurones
  • interneurones are the final common path for all reflexes
  • withdrawal reflexes are stretch reflexes

7. which statement concerning the role of Ca2+ in the contraction of skeletal muscle is correct?

  • a rise in intracellular Ca2+ allows actin to interact with myosin
  • the tension of skeletal muscle fibres is partly regulated by G proteins
  • Ca2+ ions do not play a role in the contractile process
  • the mitochondria acts as a store of Ca2+ for the contractile process
  • Ca2+ entry across the plasma membrane is important in sustaining the contraction of skeletal muscle

8. regarding the parasympathetic division of the ANS:

  • parasympathetic ganglionic neurones are distant from their target organs
  • sympathetic postganglionic neurones secrete noradrenaline onto their target organs
  • parasympathetic postganglionic neurones secrete noradrenaline onto their target organs
  • parasympathetic postganglionic neurons express muscarinic Ach receptors
  • parasympathetic postganglionic neurones are found in spinal segments from T1 to L2

9. which of the following does not contribute significantly to the protection of the brain?

  • cerebrospinal fluid
  • dura mater
  • cerebral space
  • cranium
  • subarachnoid space

10. which statement about the nervous system is NOT true?

  • grey matter contains the cell bodies and dendrites of neurones
  • each cerebral hemisphere is divided into 4 lobes
  • the white and grey matter of the spinal cord is arranged in the same way as that in the cerebral hemispheres
  • the dorsal root ganglia contains the cell bodies of the primary sensory neurones
  • each spinal segment gives rise to two pairs of spinal roots

11. regarding sensory receptor properties:

  • a touch receptor will generate a constant rate of discharge for as long as the receptor is stimulated
  • the frequency of a train of AP in an afferent fibre reflects the intensity of the stimulus given to its receptor
  • all receptors respond to a specific quality of a stimulus
  • the first step in sensory transduction is the generation of an AP
  • the amplitude of a train of action potential in an afferent reflects the intensity of the stimulus given to its receptor

12. concerning the motor cortex:

  • the motor cortex is in the parietal lobe
  • the motor cortex is situated in the postcentral gyrus
  • following a cerebral haemorrhage affecting the precentral gyrus of the right hemisphere, the patient feels no sensation on the left side of the body
  • the coticospinal tract provides the connection between the motor cortical areas and the spinal cord
  • motor areas of the cortex receive somatosensory inputs via the thalamus

13. regarding receptors in the skin:

  • the nociceptors of the skin are bare nerve endings
  • all sensory info from the skin reaches the brain via the dorsal column of the spinal cord
  • all sensory info from the skin reaches the brain via the ventral column of the spinal cord
  • all skin receptors are encapsulated
  • the receptive fields of touch receptors are uniform is all skin areas

14. when an AP arrives at a synapse, which way do calcium ions move?

  • out of the postsynaptic terminal into the cleft
  • no movement across the cell membrane
  • out of the presynaptic terminal into the cleft
  • into the presynaptic terminal
  • into the postsynaptic terminal

15. which statement about homeostasis is true?

  • plasma glucose conc is controlled via positive feedback
  • the integration centre is the effector
  • most physiological variables are regulated by positive feedback
  • delivery of a baby is the end results of a positive feeback mechanism
  • effectors detect changes in physiological variables

16. a single somatic motor neuron and all the muscle fibres it innervates =

  • a sarcomere
  • a motor unit
  • a NMJ
  • an endplate
  • a contraction

17. which of the following statement concerning the velocity of AP propagation is correct?

  • faster in unmyelinated axons
  • independent of axon diameter
  • slower in myelinated axons
  • fast in myelinated axons
  • unaffected if the axon becomes demyelinated

18. regarding the sympathetic division of the ANS:

  • the sympathetic chain extends from the thoracic to the sacral regions of the spinal cord
  • Ach is secreted by parasympathetic postganglionic fibres
  • sympathetic postganglionic neurones are found in spinal segments from T1 to L2
  • most sympathetic preganglionic fibres secrete noradrenaline

19. which one of the following statements is correct about events in a chemical synapse:

  • release of NT into the synaptic cleft
  • hyperpolarisation at the presynaptic membrane
  • arrival of AP at the synaptic cleft
  • outward flow of ca2+ ions into the cleft

20. which brain area is considered to be the integrating centre for sensory inputs?

  • cerebral cortex
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • pituitary gland
  • brain stem