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6. plasma proteins:
- are responsible for the red colour of blood
- readily cross the capillary wall
- are synthesised in the spleen
- include immunoglobulins and albumin
- are important carriers of o2 and co2
7. the ECG:
- occurs at the same rate as the arterial pulse in a healthy individual
- contains a r wave caused by ventricular repolarisation
- is measured with a stethoscope
- contains a p wave of great magnitude than the qrs complex
- is increased as the strength of the heart beat increases
8. arterial blood pressure:
- is similar in value in the aorta to pulmonary artery
- is sensed in the carotid sinus
- may be measured with an electrocardiogram
- the minimum value recorded in the arteries is termed systolic pressure
- when reduced is termed hypertension
9. the tricuspid valve:
- is open during diastole
- guards the entrance to the left ventricle from the left atrium
- guards the entrance to the aorta from the left ventricle
- prevents backflow of blood when standing up
- is composed of vascular smooth muscle
10. the heart:
- is supplied by somatic motor nerves
- lacks a pacemaker system
- ejects about 5L/min of blood in a typical resting adult
- is tolerant to a lack of blood flow for several mins
- is composed of skeletal muscle
11. erythropoiesis:
- is increased by low arterial PO2 (hypoxia)
- due to a breakdown of megakaryocytes
- is regulated by erythropoietin released from the liver
- is regulated by erythropoietin released from the spleen
- is an alternative term for anaemia
12. platelets:
- store clotting factors
- are fragmented monocytes
- aggregate by a process inhibited by asprin
- store fibrin
- are nucleated
13. the cardiac output:
- is the product of arterial blood pressure multiplied and stroke volume
- is the same from the right ventricle compared to the left
- is decreased if venous return is raised
- is reduced during exercise
- is measured by flow receptors in the aorta
14. the baroreceptor reflex:
- is an example of a negative feedback process
- is mediated by receptors in the heart
- is responsible for the regulation of heart rate
- utilises chemoreceptors located in the brain
- increases heart rate in response to an increase of bp
15. human blood:
- normally has a pH range of 7.0-7.1
- is composed of about 40-45% cells, with the remainder plasma
- contains nucleated RBCs
- volume is about 10L
- normally has a K conc between 20-25mmol/L
16. an increase in venous return to the heart:
- increases ventricular stroke work
- is termed hypotension
- increases filling of the ventricle during systole
- occurs when standing up
- occurs after reduction of blood volume