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6. plasma proteins:

  • are responsible for the red colour of blood
  • readily cross the capillary wall
  • are synthesised in the spleen
  • include immunoglobulins and albumin
  • are important carriers of o2 and co2

7. the ECG:

  • occurs at the same rate as the arterial pulse in a healthy individual
  • contains a r wave caused by ventricular repolarisation
  • is measured with a stethoscope
  • contains a p wave of great magnitude than the qrs complex
  • is increased as the strength of the heart beat increases

8. arterial blood pressure:

  • is similar in value in the aorta to pulmonary artery
  • is sensed in the carotid sinus
  • may be measured with an electrocardiogram
  • the minimum value recorded in the arteries is termed systolic pressure
  • when reduced is termed hypertension

9. the tricuspid valve:

  • is open during diastole
  • guards the entrance to the left ventricle from the left atrium
  • guards the entrance to the aorta from the left ventricle
  • prevents backflow of blood when standing up
  • is composed of vascular smooth muscle

10. the heart:

  • is supplied by somatic motor nerves
  • lacks a pacemaker system
  • ejects about 5L/min of blood in a typical resting adult
  • is tolerant to a lack of blood flow for several mins
  • is composed of skeletal muscle

11. erythropoiesis:

  • is increased by low arterial PO2 (hypoxia)
  • due to a breakdown of megakaryocytes
  • is regulated by erythropoietin released from the liver
  • is regulated by erythropoietin released from the spleen
  • is an alternative term for anaemia

12. platelets:

  • store clotting factors
  • are fragmented monocytes
  • aggregate by a process inhibited by asprin
  • store fibrin
  • are nucleated

13. the cardiac output:

  • is the product of arterial blood pressure multiplied and stroke volume
  • is the same from the right ventricle compared to the left
  • is decreased if venous return is raised
  • is reduced during exercise
  • is measured by flow receptors in the aorta

14. the baroreceptor reflex:

  • is an example of a negative feedback process
  • is mediated by receptors in the heart
  • is responsible for the regulation of heart rate
  • utilises chemoreceptors located in the brain
  • increases heart rate in response to an increase of bp

15. human blood:

  • normally has a pH range of 7.0-7.1
  • is composed of about 40-45% cells, with the remainder plasma
  • contains nucleated RBCs
  • volume is about 10L
  • normally has a K conc between 20-25mmol/L

16. an increase in venous return to the heart:

  • increases ventricular stroke work
  • is termed hypotension
  • increases filling of the ventricle during systole
  • occurs when standing up
  • occurs after reduction of blood volume