Blood and blood groups

?
what is the blood?
how many liters of blood are in the body and what does this depend on?
how much does it increase in pregnancy and why?
- a fluid connective tissue - the only one in the body
- 4-5 liters of blood in a woman's body
- increases up to 50% in pregnancy - to meet the needs to the developing fetus and to help the woman cope with blood loss at birth
1 of 46
What are the 3 functions of the blood?
- transportation
- regulation
- protection
2 of 46
What is the transportation function of the blood?
- what does it transport?
- transports oxygen from the lungs to the cells of the body where it is then needed during metabolism
- transports hormones which are released from the endocrine glands - this mode of transport is called endoscretion
-
3 of 46
Regulation function of blood
- the blood helps to regulate a number of systems within the body to ensure the balance is maintained
- body temp
- acid base balance
- water content of cells
4 of 46
Regulation of body temp
the blood absorbs and distributes heat throughout the body as well as helping to maintain homeostasis this is thorough the release or conservation of warmth.
- the blood can also move heat closer to or further away from the skins surface to help with thi
5 of 46
What is acid base balance and why does the blood need this?
- the blood needs the right balene of acidic and alkaline components to function properly this is known as the acid base balance.
- when the acid within the blood is too high, this is known as acidosis
- when the acid in the blood is too alkaline it is k
6 of 46
how does the blood regulate and maintain the acid base balance?
- the blood has plasma, proteins, phosphates , bicarbonate and bicarbonate acid buffers which can help maintain the balance.
7 of 46
why does the blood maintain the balance of water content of cells?
- water and mineral irons in the blood are controlled to keep the concentration inside the cells the same as around them.
8 of 46
Protective function of the blood
- protects against blood loss - this is done by blood forming clots when there is a tear to the blood vessels. the platelets and blood vessels work together to form a clot in the damaged area
-
9 of 46
What can blood clots prevent?
what can white blood cells protect against and how do they do this?
- excessive blood loss
- protect against disease by producing antibodies and preforming phagocytosis - this is where the cells engulf each other
10 of 46
What are the 3 major cell types that are present within the blood?
- white blood cells
- platelets
- red blood cells
11 of 46
red blood cells
where are they produced?
what is the function?
what happens to these during pregnancy
- produced within the bone marrow
- function - to carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cells of the body via haemoglobin
- in pregnancy haemoglobin (iorn) levels are likely to drop
12 of 46
why do women get shortness of breath in pregnancy? and have a raised pulse (tachycardia)
- oxygen is transported around the blood via the haemoglobin which explains why if a woman has low levels of this why she may be feeling out of breath and have a raised pulse as her body is working extra hard to get more blood around her body.
13 of 46
what is another term for red blood cells?
and what properties do they have to assist in the exchange of gases?
- Erythrocytes
- the flexible disk shape helps to increase surface area to volume ratio to ensure optimal gaseous exchange
14 of 46
what are red blood cells the main contributor to?
- blood viscosity - this is how thick and sticky the blood is which affects the resistance of the
blood flow.
- this is important as it helps to determine the friction of the blood against the blood vessels, the work required for the heart to pump the b
15 of 46
What happens if there is a drop in blood vessels?
- this will lead to a lower viscosity which causes the blood to flow more rapidly
- a rise in blood cells (erythrocytes) can lead to a higher viscosity which then causes the flood to flows less rapidly.
16 of 46
How long does it take for red blood cells (erythrocytes) to break down in the spleen?
- 120 days
17 of 46
white blood cells (leucocytes)
how much of the blood do these account for?
where are they found?
how much does a newborn have and when does this decrease?
- these account for 1% of the bloods cellular content
- the majority of white blood cells are found in the tissues not the blood in the tissues
- a newborn baby has double white blood cells then an adult but this decreases at the age of 2
18 of 46
what do white blood cells (leucocytes) form part of?
what is the role of them?
which types of white blood cells protect against viruses?
- the bodys defence system
- to protect against viruses, parasites, toxins and tumour cells.
- neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils,
monocytes and basophils
19 of 46
why is it important that midwifes know about the role of white blood cells and their part in protecting against viruses etc?
- if a woman has a suspected infection, the midwife would need to look at her white blood cells to help with a diagnosis and treatment.
20 of 46
what changes can occur to white blood cells (leucocytes) in labour?
- they can increase in labour so it is important to note this when analysing results from the woman
21 of 46
Where are platelets produced?
what do they do?
what do they store and transport?
what do they aid and assist in?
- produced in the bone marrow
- able to phagocytose small particles in viruses
- store and transport histamine and serotonin (which affect the smooth muscles within vessels)
- assist in coagulation where the blood transforms in to a solid state and forms
22 of 46
what are the 4 components of blood?
- plasma
- white blood cells (leucocytes)
-red blood cells (erythrocytes)
- platelets (thromboctytes)
23 of 46
what is the haematocrit?
- this is the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the volume of blood
24 of 46
where are antibodies and platelets found?
what are they?
- found in the plasma
- part of your body's natural defences
- they recognise foreign substances such as germs and alert your immune system which then destroys them
25 of 46
what are antigens and where are they found?
- glycolipd molecules that are found on the surface of red blood cells
- they are genetically coded and therefore inherited this is why your blood group is determined by your parents blood groups specifically antigens
26 of 46
What are the 4 main blood group types?
- blood group A
-blood group B
-blood group O
- blood group AB
27 of 46
blood group A what is this made up of?
- has A antigens on the red blood cells with anti B antibodies in the plasma
28 of 46
blood group B - what is this made up of?
- has B antigens with anti A antibodies in the plasma
29 of 46
Blood group O - what is this made up of
- has no antigens but both anti A and anti B antibodies in the plasma
30 of 46
Blood group AB
- has both A and B antigens but no antibodies
31 of 46
what blood type does the universal red cell donor have? and why is this
- type O negative blood
- because there are no antigens so the recipient will not have a reaction to the type O negative blood
32 of 46
What blood type does the universal recipient have?
what is the most common type of blood group?
- type AB blood
- O positive
33 of 46
what is the
(RH) factor?
- a separate antigen that is genetically inherited
- it depends on the parents
34 of 46
what happens if the mother is (rh+) ? does it impact the baby
no it does not matter if the mother is (rh+ or Rh-) because the mothers blood cells will never attack the babys blood cells
35 of 46
what happens if the mother is rh- ? and the baby is rh+?

how will the mothers body react to this?
- whenever the babys blood comes into contact with the mother eg, during birth when the placenta separates , miscarriage after 12 weeks

- the mother will start to produce anti rhesus antibodies to destroy the blood cells which have got into the system
36 of 46
what happens if the baby is (rh+) and mother is
(rh-)? - what does this not affect
-this not does not affect a first pregnancy as the mothers body will just destroy the rh+ cells that enter her system
37 of 46
what happens if the baby is (rh+) and mother is
(rh-)? - in mulitiple pregnancies ?
in future pregnancies, the anti rhesus anti bodies that the mother has produced to destory the rh+ cells will cross the placental barrier and get into the blood stream of the baby and start attacking the blood cells of the baby
38 of 46
what happens when the mothers rhesus anti bodies destroy the babys blood cells?
what is relased?
- it releases chemicals into the body such as bilirubin
39 of 46
what is bilirubin responsible for creating?
- high levels can cause jaundice which can cause brain damage and long term learning difficulties and disabilities
40 of 46
what is the process called when the mothers anti
rhesus antibodies crosses the placental barrier and gets into the babys blood stream?
- haemolytic disease of the new-born
41 of 46
What does haemolytic disease of the newborn cause?
- causes the baby's blood cells to break down at a fast rate causing severe anaemia, jaundice and even lead to death
42 of 46
how can we prevent the mother from being sensitized?
- give an anti D immunoglobulin injection which destroys any of the blood cells that is in the mum from the baby that contains the rh+ antigen
- this then prevents the mothers immune system from detecting them
43 of 46
how is the process of the anti D done?
- the midwife would check their rhesus status
- if rhesus postive thier is no problem or need to give her anti D
- if she is rhesus negative an anti D injection would be given
44 of 46
when is anti D given?
- around 28 weeks and after any sensitising event eg bleeding or a fall and banged her bump, miscarriage after 12 weeks or abdominal trauma.
- at birth more anti D will also be given within 72 hours of birth to prevent the sensitising from happening.
45 of 46
what happens after birth to the baby regarding blood?
- blood is taken from the cord and is sent off to be tested to see if the baby is rh+ or rh- which will then determine if the mother still needs anti D
46 of 46

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What are the 3 functions of the blood?

Back

- transportation
- regulation
- protection

Card 3

Front

What is the transportation function of the blood?
- what does it transport?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Regulation function of blood

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Regulation of body temp

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar All resources:

See all All resources »See all Blood and blood groups resources »