Blood

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  • Created by: Jade
  • Created on: 11-01-21 14:21
What is blood composed of?
A nonliving fluid matrix (plasma) and formed elements.

Plasma makes up around 55% of blood.
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What will happen if a sample of blood is separated?
The plasma rises to the top, and the formed elements fall to the bottom.
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What are the formed elements?
Erythrocytes (red blood cells) - transport oxygen

Leukocytes (white blood cells) - protect the body

Platelets (cell fragments) - help stop bleeding
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What is the pH of blood?
7.35-7.45 - blood is slightly alkaline
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What colour will oxygen rich blood be?
Scarlett
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What colour will oxygen poor blood be?
Dull-red/ purple
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What is the composition of plasma?
Water (90%)

Salts (electrolytes)

Plasma proteins

Substances transported by blood
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How is the composition of plasma kept relatively constant?
When blood proteins drop to undesirable levels, the liver is stimulated to make more proteins.

When the blood starts to become too acidosis or too alkalosis, the respiratory and urinary systems are called into action to restore it to its normal pH range.
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What are the plasma proteins and what are their functions?
Albumin - Osmotic balance, pH buffering

Fibrinogen - Blood clotting

Globulins - Defense (antibodies) and lipid transport
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Why do erythrocytes differ from other blood cells?
They are anucleate (they do not have a nucleus)
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What makes erythrocytes efficient blood transporters?
They make ATP through anaerobic mechanisms, so they do not use up any of the oxygen they are transporting.
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Approximately how many hemoglobin molecules are in a red blood cell?
A single red blood cell contains around 250 million hemoglobin molecules, each capable of binding 4 molecules of oxygen.
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How much hemoglobin is in the blood?
The normal range is 12– 18 grams (g) of hemoglobin per 100 milliliters (ml) of blood.

The hemoglobin content is slightly higher in men (13– 18 g/ml) than in women (12– 16 g/ml).
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What is anemia?
A decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood.
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What can cause anemia?
A lower than normal number of RBCs.

Abnormal or deficient hemoglobin content in the RBCs.
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What is sickle cell anemia?
Abnormal hemoglobin is formed (spiky and sharp) when either oxygen is unloaded or the oxygen content in the blood decreases below normal levels. This causes RBCs to become sickled (crescent-shaped), to rupture easily and to block small blood vessels.
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What are the potential effects of sickle cell anemia?
The events caused by sickle cell anemia interfere with oxygen delivery, and can leave people gasping for air and cause extreme pain.
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What is polycythemia?
An excessive or abnormal increase in the number of erythrocytes.
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What are the causes of polycythemia?
Bone marrow cancer

Homeostatic response to living in high altitudes
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What are the two types of white leukocytes?
Lymphocytes

Neutrophils
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What is diapedesis?
This is the process by which white blood cells move in and out of blood vessels.
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What is positive chemotaxis?
The capability of white blood cells to locate and move towards areas of tissue damage/infection in the body, by responding to chemicals diffused from the damaged cells.
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What is leukocytosis?
A total WBC count above 11,000 cells/mm 3.

This generally indicates a bacterial or viral infection.
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What is leukopenia?
An abnormally low WBC count.
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What are the two classifications of white blood cells?
Granulocytes

Agranulocytes
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What are the types of granulocytes?
Neutrophils - mainly target bacteria and fungi

Eosinophils - destroy parasitic worms

Basophils - attract other WBCs to the inflamed site
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What are the types of agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes - play an important role in immune response in lymphatic tissues.

Monocytes - change into macrophages which fight chronic infection.
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List the WBCs in order of relative abundance in the blood.
Neutrophils (most)
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils (least)
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Create a mnemonic to remember the order of WBC abundance in the blood.
Never
Let
Monkeys
Eat
Bananas
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What is hematopoiesis?
Blood cell formation
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Where does hematopoiesis occur?
Red bone marrow

Myeloid tissue - In adults, this tissue is found mainly in the axial skeleton, pectoral and pelvic girdles, and proximal epiphyses of the humerus and femur.
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What is a hemocytoblast?
A common stem cell residing in red bone marrow, which forms blood cells.
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What two types of descendants can a hemocytoblast form?
The lymphoid stem cell - produces lymphocytes

The myeloid stem cell - produces all other classes of formed elements.
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What is hemostasis?
The blood-clotting process
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What are the three phases of hemostasis?
Vascular spasms

Platelet plug formation

Coagulation (blood clotting)
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Why do vascular spasms occur?
The immediate response to blood vessel injury is vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels), which causes blood vessel spasms.

The spasms narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss until clotting can occur.
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How is a platelet plug formed?
When the underlying collagen fibers of a broken vessel are exposed, platelets cling to the damaged site, and release chemicals that enhance the vascular spasms and attract more platelets to the site.
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How does coagulation occur?
Tissue factor (from injured tissues) and platelet factor 3 interact with Ca 2 + to form thrombin, the enzyme that catalyzes joining of fibrinogen molecules to fibrin. Fibrin forms a mesh that traps red blood cells and platelets, forming the clot.
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Who are the top 3 users of blood?
General Surgery - 23%

General Medical - 15%

Cardiothoracic surgery - 13 %
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What is an antigen?
A molecule that stimulates an immune response and production of antibody.

It is on the surface of an individual’s cells,
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What is an antibody?
A protein (immunoglobulin) that is produced in response to a specific antigen.
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What is the ABO blood group based on?
Which of two antigens, type A or type B, a person inherits.

Absence of both antigens results in type O blood, presence of both antigens leads to type AB.
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What is the two rhesus blood groups?
Rhesus positive - can receive both + and - blood.

Rhesus negative - can only receive - blood.
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Which ABO blood group is the universal donor?
Blood type O
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Which ABO blood group is the universal recipient?
Blood type AB
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In the event of an emergency, which blood type would be used?
Type O-
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What will happen if a sample of blood is separated?

Back

The plasma rises to the top, and the formed elements fall to the bottom.

Card 3

Front

What are the formed elements?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is the pH of blood?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What colour will oxygen rich blood be?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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