Biotechnology

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Define biotechnology
Using organisms and enzymes to synthesis, transform, breakdown materials for human benefit
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What is bioremediation
Using microorganisms to breakdown pollutants and contaminants in soil and water
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Why are microorganisms useful (6)
No welfare issues, low temp, lots of different microbes, genetically modified, short life cycle, cheap and simple nutrient requirements
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Give disadvantages of using microorgansisms
Needs sterile conditions, concerns about GM food, microorganisms can produce toxins
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Give advantages of using microorganisms
Reproduce fast, hight protein with little fat, cheap, can be GM, can be made anywhere
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How is penicillin produced
Fungus grows, produces penicillin, drug is extracted and purified
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State the conditions required to produce penicillin
Continuously stirred to keep it oxygenated, rich nutrient medium, pH buffer, constant temp
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How is insulin made
Bacteria grown in a fermenter and downstream processing results in constant supply of pure human insulin
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Why must you be careful when culturing microorganisms
1. Risk of mutation 2. Contamination
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What forms can nutrient medium be in
1. Liquid form (broth) 2. Solid form (agar)
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What is inoculation
Process in which bacteria is added to the broth or agar
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Explain the process of inoculating broth
Make a suspension of bacteria to be grown, mix with sterile nutrient broth, stopper flask with cotton wool - prevent contamination, incubate and shake
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Explain the process of incubating broth
Sterilise inoculating loop with flame, dip loop in bacterial suspension, zigzag steak across agar, close lid with tape so oxygen can get in
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Name the 4 stages of a growth curve
Lag phase, exponential growth, stationary phase, death
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What are the limiting factors which prevent exponential growth in a culture of bacteria
1. Nutrients available 2. Oxygen 3. Temp 4. Waste 5. pH
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How can you investigate factors that affect growth of bacteria
1. Set up identical colonies in different colonies 2. Set up serial dilutions at set temp
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Difference between primary and secondary metabolites
Primary - substances formed as an essential part of growth secondary - not essential for normal growth
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Describe batch fermentation
Microorganisms inoculated, products harvested before death phase, system sterilised and new batch begins
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Desribe continuous fermentation
Microorganisms grows, sterile nutrient medium added continuously, waste and products continually removed
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What factors need to be controlled in a bioreactor
Temperature, nutrients, oxygen, mixing, asepsis
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Advantages of using immobilised enzymes
Can be reused, cheaper, easily separated, reliable, easy to manipulate
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Disadvantages of using immobilised enzymes
Less efficient, high initial cost, more technical issues
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Name processes which immobilised enzymes are used
1. Pencillinacylase enzyme makes penicillin 2. Glucose isomerase - make glucose from fructose 3. Lactase
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Give advantages and disadvantages of adsorption
Adavnatages - simple & cheap, used in many processes, enzymes accessible to substrate Disadvantages - enzymes can be lost from matrix
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Give advantages and disadvantages of immobilisation by ionic/ covalent bonding
Adv - cost varies, enzymes strongly bound, enzymes accessible Disadvantages - cost varies, active site may be modified
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Give advantages and disadvantages of entrapment in the matrix
Advantages - widely applicable to different processes disadvantages- expensive, difficult, slow diffusion
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Give advantages and disadvantages of membrane entrapment
Advantages- simple, small effect on enzyme activity, applicable to different processes disadvantages- expensive, diffusion slow
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is bioremediation

Back

Using microorganisms to breakdown pollutants and contaminants in soil and water

Card 3

Front

Why are microorganisms useful (6)

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Give disadvantages of using microorgansisms

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Give advantages of using microorganisms

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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