1. The sum of all ecosystems on Earth and 2. The layer of the planet Earth where life exists
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What is an ecosystem?
An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the abiotic (nonliving) components of their environment, interacting as a system. Remember Gaia Hypothesis.
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Top boundary of biosphere
around 20 km
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Previously scientists consider the lower limit of the biosphere on the Earth’s crust to be the
limit of root penetration (soil).
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viable bacteria have been recovered from
3 km deep drill holes
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Lower limit determined by temperature
(120C Methanopyrus sp.) rather than depth
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Total biomass in the soils may
exceed that at surface
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How deep is the “live” ocean?
79% of the entire volume of the earth's biosphere consists of waters with depths greater than 1,000 m.
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Entropy =
Disorder
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Gibbs Free Energy =
Possibility of doing work
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Photosynsesis equation
6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2
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NADP+
NADPH
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Stroma
Dark reactions
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Thylakoid
Light reactions
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Heterotrophy respiration:
the Krebs cycle & ETC
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Photosynthesis harnesses light and converts it into chemical energy in the form of
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