Biology Unit 2b GCSE.

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What are enzymes?
Catalysts produced by living things.
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What do enzymes reduce the need for?
High temperatures.
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What is a catalyst?
A substance which increases the speed of a reaction without being changed or used up in the reaction.
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Why do enzymes usually only catalyse one reaction?
Because for the enzyme to work the substance has to fit its special shape.
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What must you keep under control to avoid enzymes being denature?
Temperature and the pH.
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What do digestive enzymes do?
Break down big molecules into smaller ones.
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Starch, protein and fats are ? molecules?
BIG.
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sugars, amino acids, glycerol and fatty acids are ? molecules?
smaller
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Amylase converts starch into what?
Sugars.
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Where is amylase made?
The salivary glands, the pancreas and the small intestine.
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Protese converts proteins into what?
Amino acids.
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Where is protease made?
The stomach (pepsin), the pancreas, the small intestine.
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Lipase converts lipids into what?
Glycerol and fatty acids.
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Where is lipase made?
The pancreas and the small intestine.
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What does bile do?
Neutralises the stomach acid and emulsifies fats.
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Where is bile STORED?
The gall bladder.
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Is bile acidic or alkaline?
Alkaline.
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Why does bile emulsify fats to give them a bigger surface area?
To make digestion faster.
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What do the salivary glands produce?
Amylase (in the saliva).
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What does the liver produce?
Bile.
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Where is bile released after being stored in the gall bladder?
Into the small intestine.
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What does the stomach do?
Produces protease, pummels the food with muscular walls and produces hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria and give the right pH.
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What does the pancreas produce?
Protease, amylase and lipase. They are then released into the small intestine.
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What does the small intestine do?
Produces protease, amylase, lipase.
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What does the rectum do?
Stores faeces before they leave through the anus.
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What is respiration?
The process of releasing energy from glucose which goes on in every cell.
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What does aerobic respiration require?
Oxygen.
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Where do most aerobic respiration reactions happen?
Inside mitochondria.
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Aerobic respiration equation?
Glucose + Oxygen ---- Carbon Dioxide + Water + ENERGY
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Give 4 examples of aha energy from aerobic respiration is used for.
1) build up larger muscles. 2) Allow muscles to contract in animals. 3) In mammals, it keeps the body temperature steady. 4) IN plants, to build sugars, nitrates etc into amino acids.
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What do muscles use to release energy from glucose?
Oxygen.
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What happens when your heart rate increases?
Breathing rate increases as more C02 has to be removed from the muscle cells.
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What is glucose stored as?
Glycogen.
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Where is Glycogen mainly stored?
In the liver, and also in the muscles.
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During vigorous exercise, why is stored glycogen converted back to glucose?
To provide more energy.
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What is anaerobic respiration?
The incomplete breakdown of glucose, which produces lactic acid.
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What releases more energy, aerobic or anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration.
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What does anaerobic respiration lead to?
Oxygen debt.
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What enzymes are usually used in biological detergents?
Proteases and lipase's.
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Wy are there enzymes such as protease in baby food?
Because they make the food easier for the baby to digest.
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Carbohydrases can be used to turn starch syrup into what?
Sugar syrup! (yum)
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What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid.
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Where is DNA found?
In the nucleus of cells, in long molecules called chromosomes.
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What is a gene?
A section of DNA.
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How to cells make proteins?
By stringing amino acids together in a particular order.
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What do genes do?
Tells cells what order to put the amino acids together.
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How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?
23.
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What is mitosis?
When a cell reproduces itself by splitting to form 2 identical offspring.
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What does asexual reproduction use?
Mitosis.
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Gametes have ? the usual number of chromosomes?
Half.
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What is meiosis?
Meiosis produces cells which have half the normal number of chromosomes.
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What is an undifferentiated cell?
A cell that can develop into different types of cell, STEM CELLS.
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What did Mendel do?
Genetic experiments with pea plants in 1866.
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Hereditary units can be either...
Dominant or recessive.
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What is an allele?
A different version of the same gene.
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If an organism has two alleles that are the same it is called...
Homozygous.
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If an organism has two alleles that are different it is called...
Hetrozygous.
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What allele is cystic fibrosis caused by?
A recessive allele.
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What allele is Polydactyly caused by?
A dominant allele.
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How are fossils formed?
1) from gradual replacement by minerals. 2) from casta and impressions. 3) from preservation in places where no decay happens.
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How does extinction happen?
When something cant evolve quick enough.
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What is speciation?
The development of a new species.
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What do isolation and natural selection lead to?
Speciation.
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What do enzymes reduce the need for?

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High temperatures.

Card 3

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What is a catalyst?

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Card 4

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Why do enzymes usually only catalyse one reaction?

Back

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Card 5

Front

What must you keep under control to avoid enzymes being denature?

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