Biology Unit 2 Topic 1

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  • Created by: Alex
  • Created on: 30-05-13 16:02
What do Eukaryotic cells contain?
membrane-bounded organelles. e.g nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts.
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What do Prokaryotic cells contain?
glycogen granules- lipid droplets, mesosome, cell surface membrane, small ribosomes, cell wall, plasmids, nucleiod, photosynthetic membranes.
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what are the features of a Eukaryotic cell?
nucleus, mitochondria, centrioles, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi body, lysosomes,
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what is the structure of a nucleus?
it has a double membrane with pores, in the membrane there are nucleic acids and proteins, nucleolus- an extra dense area of almost pure rna and dna.
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what is the structure of a mitochondrion?
outer and inner membrane, stalked particles, matrix and cristae.
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What is the structure of the centrioles?
a bundle of 9 tubules.
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what is the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
sac-like and tubular cavities bounded by membranes.
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what is the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
sac-like and tubular cavities bounded by membranes, covered in ribosomes.
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what's the structure of the golgi body?
stacks of parallel flattened membrane pockets called cisternae.
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How are proteins modified and transported?
proteins travel along microtubules to golgi body, vesicle fuses with golgi apparatus, travels through g.b and is modified. glycoprotein in vesicle travel to cell membrane where they fuse with it and are released.
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What is the function of a lysosome?
to destroy the organelles in your cells that are worn out.
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What is a tissue?
a group of similar cells that all develop from the same kind of cell.
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What are the 4 main types of tissue in the body?
epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous.
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What does the epithelial tissue do?
form a lining of surfaces, and sit tightly together and form a smooth surface that protects the cells and tissues below.
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What are the different types of epithelial tissues?
simple squamous, cuboidal, columnar, ciliated, glandular, compound stratified.
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Where is squamous epithelial usually found?
surfaces of blood vessels, forms walls of capillaries and lining of alveoli
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What types of epithelial tissue line many tubes in the body?
columnar and cubodial
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Cilitated epithelia are usually where? (considering they contain goblet cellls)
tubes in the lungs and oviducts.
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Where are compound epithelia found?
surfaces that are continually scratched and abraded eg the skin.
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Where is collagen and elastin tissue found?
artery wall and glandular tissue.
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What is connective tissue?
bone and cartilage tissue and packing tissue that supports and protects some of the organs.
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What is the definition of an organ?
A group of tissues that are grouped into a structure so that they can work effectively together.
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What is a system in the human body?
a number of organs working together to carry out large-scale functions in the body.
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What happens during G1, S and G2 of the cell cycle?
interphase
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What happens after G1,S and G2 of the cell cycle?
mitosis- prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
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What happens after mitosis in the cell cycle?
cytokinesis
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What happens during Interphase during mitosis?
The chromosomes uncoil and fill the nucleus and DNA is replicated.
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What happens during prophase?
chromosomes coil and condense each appearing as 2 chromatids. Nucleolus breaks down and centrioles separate and start to form the spindle.
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What happens during Metaphase?
Nuclear membrane breaks down. Spindles made of microtubules have been formed. Chromatids line up in equator.
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What happens during anaphase?
the centromeres separate and each chromatid is pulled along a spindle tubule towards one of the poles centromere first.
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what happens during early telophase?
chromatids reach the poles of the cell where they are now known as chromosomes. The membrane begins to reform and the cytoplasm to divide.
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What is budding?
When the parent organism produces a smaller but identical individual.
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What happens during prophase 1?
each chromosome appears condensed from two chromatids. Homologous pairs of chromosomes associate with each other.
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what happens during metaphase 1?
the spindle forms and the pairs of chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate. Crossing over occurs.
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what happens during Anaphase1?
the centromeres don't divide. One chromosome from each homologous pair moves to each end of the cell. As a result the chromosome number in each cell is half that of the original.
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What happens during Telophase 1?
nuclear membrane reforms and the cell begins to divide.
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What happens during Metaphase 2?
new spindles are formed and the chromosomes, still made up of pairs of chromatids, line up on the metaphase plate.
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what happens during Anaphase 2?
the centromeres now divide and the chromatids move to the opposites ends of the cell.
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what happens during Telophase 2?
nuclear envelopes reform, the chromosomes return to their interphase state and cytokinesis occurs, giving four daughter cells each with half the chromosome number of the original diploid cell.
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How does crossing over occur?
a pair of homologous chromosomes' ends cross to form a bivalent and they swap information at the chiasmata to form recombinants.
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What's the process of oogenesis?
primordial germ cell go through the process of mitosis twice to produce 4 oogonia, then 1 primary oocyte grows. Meiosis 1 occurs every month to create a 2ndary oocyte and a polar body. Meiosis 2 (completed at fert.) creates 1 ovum and 3 polar bodies
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What's the process of spermatogenesis?
primordial germ cell replicates twice by mitosis, creating 4 spermatogonia. One grows to create a primary spermatocyte which divides by meiosis 1 and then meiosis 2 straight after to create 4 spermatids meaning 4 spermatozoa.
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How is a pollen grain formed?
pollen mother cell formed by Mitosis, meiosis 1 and 2 occurs to produce 4 haploid cells. the halploids undergoes mitosis to create a pollen grain. During pollination the pollen grain is on the stigma.
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How is an egg cell formed (plants)?
megaspore mother cell formed by mitosis, meiosis 1 and 2 occurs to produce one megaspore and 3 degenerate cells. Megaspore undergoes mitosis 3 times so the mature embryosac has 3 antipodal cells, 2 polar nuclei, female gamete and 2 synergids.
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what is the process of fertilisation in humans?
sperm approach oocyte in oviduct. Front of sperm touches zona pellucida&acrosome reaction triggered. Fertilisation occurs when 1sperm touches oocyte and membranes fuse. Sperm nuc. released and decondenses and releases chroms. into oocyte. M2completed
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what is the process of fertilisation in plants?
Pollen lands on the stigma and grows towards the embryo. The pollen tube grows down the style. It secretes enzymes and digests style tissue using the products to continue growth. There are 2 haploid nuclei near the tube tip; 1 controls the g
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Card 2

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What do Prokaryotic cells contain?

Back

glycogen granules- lipid droplets, mesosome, cell surface membrane, small ribosomes, cell wall, plasmids, nucleiod, photosynthetic membranes.

Card 3

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what are the features of a Eukaryotic cell?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

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what is the structure of a nucleus?

Back

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Card 5

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what is the structure of a mitochondrion?

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